Abstracts
Résumé
Dans un contexte de transformation où les rôles et responsabilités des employés de première ligne ne cessent d’augmenter et de se complexifier, le temps devient une denrée rare. Or, l’engagement de ces mêmes employés est crucial pour la réussite des efforts de changement d’une organisation. Relevant de ces enjeux, notre étude vise donc à comprendre comment la pression temporelle influence l’engagement organisationnel des employés de première ligne. S’appuyant sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources et les théories implicites de la prise de parole, nous suggérons que la pression temporelle perçue par l’employé chez son gestionnaire le mène à se désengager en raison d’un sentiment accru de futilité de s’exprimer pour partager ses idées. Nous avançons aussi que cette relation est plus forte lorsque l’employé se sent également pressé par le temps, mais qu’elle n’est plus significative lorsque l’employé a du temps pour prendre en main les enjeux qu’il soulève. Réalisée en deux temps de mesures, notre étude implique la participation de 326 policières et policiers canadiens. Les résultats obtenus grâce à une analyse de régression multiple confirment nos hypothèses. Ces éléments sont finalement discutés, offrant ainsi des contributions théoriques et pratiques importantes.
Mots-clés :
- Pression temporelle,
- Futilité de s’exprimer,
- Engagement organisationnel,
- Conservation des ressources
Abstract
In the current context of organizational transformation where the roles and responsibilities of front-line employees are constantly increasing and complexifying, time is becoming a scarce commodity. Yet, the commitment of these same employees is crucial to the success of an organization’s change efforts. Addressing these issues, this paper aims to understand the joint influences of time pressure and futility to speak up on employee’s commitment. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory and implicit theories of speaking up, we argue that the employee’s perceived time pressure from their manager leads to disengagement due to an increased sense of futility in speaking up to share ideas. We also suggest that this relationship is even stronger when the employee also feels pressured for time, but is no longer meaningful when they have time to take ownership of the issues they face. Our study was conducted in a time-lagged measure and involved the participation of 326 Canadian police officers. The results obtained through a multiple regression analysis confirm our hypothesis. In conclusion, these elements are discussed, offering relevant theoretical and practical contributions.
Keywords:
- Time pressure,
- Futility of speaking up,
- Organizational commitment,
- Conservation of resources
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Bakker, A. B. et Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
- Bayley, D. H. (2016). The complexities of 21st century policing. Policing, 10(3), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paw019
- Bélanger, A. et Harvey, J.-F. (2022). Promoting voice in policing: The role of imagination, centralization, and psychological safety. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2022(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2022.10720abstract
- Bentein, K., Vandenberghe, C., Vandenberg, R. et Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 468-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.468
- Blumberg, D. M., Schlosser, M. D., Papazoglou, K., Creighton, S. et Kaye, C. C. (2019). New directions in police academy training: A call to action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244941
- Bolino, M. C. et Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal cost of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740-748. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.740
- Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R. et Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Quitting before leaving: The mediating effects of psychological attachment and detachment on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 912-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.912
- Coeugnet, S., Charron, C., Van De Weerdt, C., Anceaux, F. et Naveteur, J. (2011). La pression temporelle : Un phénomène complexe qu’il est urgent d’étudier. Le Travail Humain, 74(2), 157-181. https://doi.org/10.3917/th.742.0157
- Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001
- College of policing. (2020). Policing in England and Wales Future Operating Environment 2040. https://assets.college.police.uk/s3fs-public/2020-08/future-operating-environment-2040.pdf
- Dedahanov, A. T. et Rhee, J. (2015). Examining the relationships among trust, silence and organizational commitment. Management Decision, 53(8), 1843-1857. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2015-0041
- Department of Justice Canada. (2015). IV. Organizational factors affecting police discretion. Gouvernement du Canada. https://www.justice.gc.ca/fra/pr-rp/jp-cj/jj-yj/discre/org/org.html
- Detert, J. R. et Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.26279183
- Detert, J. R. et Edmondson, A. C. (2011). Implicit voice theories: Taken-for-granted rules of self-censorship at work. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 461-488. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925
- Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
- Fuller, J. B., Barnett, T., Hester, K., Relyea, C. et Frey, L. (2007). An exploratory examination of voice behavior from an impression management perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19(1), 134-151.
- Goudge, S. T., Beare, M. E., Dupont, B., Duxbury, L., Huey, L., Mackenzie, I., Murphy, C., Neyroud, P., Roach, K., Shearing, C., Stephens, D. et Waller, I. (2014). Le maintien de l’ordre au Canada au XXIe siècle : Une nouvelle police pour de nouveaux défis. Conseil des académies canadiennes. https://www.rapports-cac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/policing_fullreportfr.pdf
- Grandey, A. A. et Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 350-370. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1666
- Griffin, M. A. et Clarke, S. (2011). Stress and well-being at work. Dans S. Zedeck (éd.). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (vol. 3, 359-397).https://doi.org/10.1037/12171-010
- Halbesleben, J. R., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C. et Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the « COR » understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334-1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130
- Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3e éd.). The Guilford Press.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The ecology of stress. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
- Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
- Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x
- Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P. et Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128.
- Hodgson, J. F. (2001). Police violence in Canada and the USA: Analysis and management. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies et Management, 24(4), 520-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006498
- Hsu, M. L. A., Hou, S.-T. et Fan, H.-L. (2011). Creative self‐efficacy and innovative behavior in a service setting: Optimism as a moderator. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 45(4), 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01430.x
- Huang, X., Xu, E., Chiu, W., Lam, C. et Farh, J.-L. (2015). When authoritarian leaders outperform transformational leaders: Firm performance in a harsh economic environment. Academy of Management Discoveries, 1(2), 180-200. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2014.0132
- Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K. et Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.07.002
- Kleiner, S. (2014). Subjective time pressure: General or domain specific? Social Science Research, 47, 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.013
- Knoll, M., Neves, P., Schyns, B. et Meyer, B. (2021). A multi‐level approach to direct and indirect relationships between organizational voice climate, team manager openness, implicit voice theories, and silence. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 606-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12242
- Maguire, E. R. (1997). Structural change in large municipal police organizations during the community policing era. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 547-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829700093471
- March, J. G. (1981). Footnotes to organizational change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(4), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392340
- McDermott, A. M., Fitzgerald, L. et Buchanan, D. A. (2013). Beyond acceptance and resistance: Entrepreneurial change agency responses in policy implementation. British Journal of Management, 24(S1), S93-S115. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12012
- McGrath, J. E. (1982). Dilemmatic: The study of research choices and dilemmas. Dans J. E. McGrath, J. M. Martin et R. A. Kulka (éd.), Judgment calls in research (69-102). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Inc.
- Mercurio, Z. A. (2015). Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 14(4), 389-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484315603612
- Meyer, J. P., Srinivas, E. S., Lal, J. B. et Topolnytsky, L. (2007). Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three‐component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(2), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317906X118685
- Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W. et Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453-1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00387
- Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
- Morrison, E. W. et Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706-725. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707697
- Morrison, E. W. et Milliken, F. J. (2003). Speaking up, remaining silent: The dynamics of voice and silence in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1353-1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00383
- Morrison, E. W., See, K. E. et Pan, C. (2015). An approach-inhibition model of employee silence: The joint effects of personal sense of power and target openness. Personnel Psychology, 68(3), 547-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12087
- Ng, T.W.H. et Feldman, D.C. (2012). Employee voice behavior: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2). 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.754
- Nikolaou, I., Vakola, M. et Bourantas, D. (2011). The role of silence on employees’ attitudes “the day after” a merger. Personnel Review, 40(6), 723-741. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481111169652
- Ordonez, L. et Benson III, L. (1997). Decisions under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71(2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2717
- Ouedraogo, N. et Ouakouak, M. L. (2018). Impacts of personal trust, communication, and affective commitment on change success. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(3), 676-696. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2016-0175
- Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R. et Luce, M. F. (1996). When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 66(2), 131-152. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0044
- Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Harvard Business Press.
- Pinder, C. C. et Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Dans Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (vol. 20, 331-369). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20007-3
- Premeaux, S. F. et Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the silence: The moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1537-1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00390
- Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R. et Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.825
- Roxburgh, S. (2004). There just aren’t enough hours in the day: The mental health consequences of time pressure. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(2), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500201
- Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S. et Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
- Smith, R. (2019). The « Police Change Manager » : Exploring a new leadership paradigm for policing. International Journal of Police Science et Management, 21(3), 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355719854104
- Solinger, O. N., Van Olffen, W. et Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.70
- Tangirala, S. et Ramanujam, R. (2008). Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(1), 37-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00105.x
- Tremblay, A.-M. (2022). Le slow management : Lentement, mais sûrement! Revue gestion. https://www.revuegestion.ca/le-slow-managament-lentement-mais-surement
- Vakola, M. et Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: An empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510611997
- Van der Voet, J., Kuipers, B. S. et Groeneveld, S. (2016). Implementing change in public organizations: The relationship between leadership and affective commitment to change in a public sector context. Public Management Review, 18(6), 842-865. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1045020
- Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. et Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
- Van Dyne, L. et LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119.
- Van Yperen, N. W., Blaga, M. et Postmes, T. (2015). A meta-analysis of the impact of situationally induced achievement goals on task performance. Human Performance, 28(2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1006772
- Withey, M. J. et Cooper, W. H. (1989). Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4), 521-539. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393565
- Zheng, Y., Graham, L., Farh, J.-L. et Huang, X. (2021). The impact of authoritarian leadership on ethical voice: A moderated mediation model of felt uncertainty and leader benevolence. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04261-1