Abstracts
Abstract
For 100 years, placer gold has been important to the settlement, economic development, and, recently, recreational geology of the Kelowna, British Columbia, area. It is best-known to occur in modern-day, Mission Creek and Lambly Creek sedimentary rocks, as well as a paleoplacer occurrence in Miocene sediments of the historical Winfield mine. The Mission Creek and Winfield localities are east of the west-dipping, low-angle, normal Okanagan Fault, which has been active since the Eocene. Lambly Creek is west of the fault. Late Paleozoic to Eocene igneous and metasedimentary rocks occur in the Lambly Creek catchment but Eocene gneiss units, unroofed by the fault, occur on the Okanagan Valley’s east side. This study tests the hypothesis that native placer gold compositions vary across the Okanagan Fault reflecting different sources and histories for the gold. A modest number of Au and Ag analyses (23 analyses) in usefully representative placer gold samples were determined on a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Spots analyzed for Au and Ag were also analyzed for 19 trace elements using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Mercury was semi-quantitatively determined in ‘unknown’ gold grains by first estimating its concentration (~3.69 ppm) in the AuRM2 external standard. Proportions of Au:Ag:Cu in grain cores indicate all the gold came from mesothermal/hypogene or possibly Au porphyry bedrock deposits though primary signatures may have been obscured by metamorphism or weathering. Winfield and Mission Creek grains tend to have higher siderophile Fe, Ni, Pd and Pt and chalcophile elements As, Se, Te, Hg, Pb and Bi but lower Cu and Sb concentrations than Lambly Creek gold. Mercury is distinctly higher in Winfield and Mission Creek gold than in Lambly Creek gold from the west side of the valley; the element appears particularly useful for ‘fingerprinting’ gold. Lambly Creek gold compositions indicate derivation from two orogenic/hypogene sources from greenstone and plutonic/hydrothermal rocks present in the catchment area. Modern day Mission Creek and Miocene paleoplacer Winfield grains have a similar hypogene trace element signature but there are no known local bedrock gold sources. The Mission Creek and Winfield gold grain cores are surrounded by < 10 µm, Au-rich, Ag- and trace element-poor, rims. Lambly Creek grains lack such rims. The Au-rich rims on modern day Mission Creek and Miocene Winfield gold may reflect prolonged near-surface exposure with surficial electrochemical dissolution of hypogene trace elements or the biological precipitation of gold. Low Ag and red colouration on the surface of grains support the biological precipitation hypothesis. The shared trace element signature, together with the Au-rich rims indicate that modern day placer gold in Mission Creek was multiply reworked from Miocene paleoplacers similar to the Winfield occurrence as a result of uplift and erosion of rocks on the east side of Okanagan Fault.
Keywords:
- AuRM2,
- LA-ICP-MS,
- Native Gold,
- Okanagan,
- British Columbia,
- Orogenic,
- Trace Elements
Résumé
Pendant 100 ans, l'or placérien a joué un rôle important dans le peuplement, le développement économique et, plus récemment, la géologie récréative de la région de Kelowna, en Colombie-Britannique. Il est surtout connu pour se trouver dans les roches sédimentaires modernes de Mission Creek et Lambly Creek, ainsi qu’en tant que gisement paléoplacérien dans les sédiments miocènes de l'ancienne mine de Winfield. Les localités Mission Creek et Winfield sont à l'est de la faille d'Okanagan, une faille normale à faible pendage vers l'ouest et active depuis l'Éocène. Lambly Creek se trouve à l'ouest de la faille. Des roches ignées et métasédimentaires du Paléozoïque supérieur à l’Éocène sont présentes dans le bassin versant de Lambly Creek, mais des unités de gneiss de l'Éocène, exposées par la faille, se trouvent du côté est de la vallée d'Okanagan. Cette étude teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle les compositions de l'or natif placérien varient le long de la faille d'Okanagan, reflétant différentes sources et histoires pour l'or. Un nombre restreint d'analyses d'Au et d’Ag (23 analyses) dans des échantillons représentatifs d'or placérien ont été effectuées au microscope électronique à balayage avec un spectromètre à dispersion d'énergie (MEB-EDS). Les zones analysées pour l’Au et l’Ag ont également été analysées pour 19 éléments traces à l'aide d'un spectromètre de masse à plasma induit par couplage inductif par ablation au laser (LA-ICP-MS). Le mercure a été déterminé de manière semi-quantitative dans des grains d'or « inconnus » en estimant d'abord sa concentration (~3,69 ppm) dans l'étalon externe AuRM2. Les proportions d’Au, d’Ag et de Cu dans les noyaux des grains indiquent que tout l'or provient de gîtes mésothermaux/hypogènes ou éventuellement de gisements rocheux porphyriques aurifères, bien que les signatures primaires aient pu être masquées par du métamorphisme ou de l'altération. Les grains de Winfield et Mission Creek ont tendance à avoir des concentrations plus élevées en éléments sidérophiles Fe, Ni, Pd et Pt et en éléments chalcophiles As, Se, Te, Hg, Pb et Bi, mais des concentrations plus faibles en Cu et Sb que l'or de Lambly Creek. Le mercure est nettement plus élevé dans l'or de Winfield et Mission Creek que dans l'or de Lambly Creek du côté ouest de la vallée; l'élément semble particulièrement utile pour le traçage de l'or. Les compositions aurifères de Lambly Creek indiquent une origine de deux sources orogéniques/hypogènes provenant des roches vertes et des roches plutoniques/hydrothermales présentes dans le bassin versant. Les grains modernes de Mission Creek et des grains paléoplacériens du Miocène de Winfield ont une signature d'éléments traces hypogènes similaire, mais il n'existe aucune source d'or connue dans la roche-mère locale. Les noyaux des grains d'or de Mission Creek et de Winfield sont entourés de bordures de moins de 10 µm de large, riches en Au et pauvres en Ag et en éléments traces. Les grains de Lambly Creek ne présentent pas de telles bordures. Les bordures riches en Au sur l'or moderne de Mission Creek et l’or miocène de Winfield peuvent refléter une exposition prolongée près de la surface avec une dissolution électrochimique superficielle des éléments traces hypogènes ou la précipitation biologique de l'or. La faible teneur en Ag et la coloration rouge à la surface des grains soutiennent l’hypothèse d’une précipitation biologique. La signature commune en éléments traces, ainsi que les bordures riches en Au, indiquent que l'or placérien moderne de Mission Creek a été remanié à plusieurs reprises à partir de paléoplacers du Miocène similaires à ceux de Winfield, résultant du soulèvement et de l'érosion des roches du côté est de la faille d'Okanagan.
Appendices
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