Abstracts
Abstract
Although positive policies and laws promote the Inuit language and Inuit qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) in all sectors of Nunavut society, including at all levels of Inuit schooling, many Nunavut schools are still struggling to overturn colonizing practices and mindsets that have hindered effective education of Inuit youth. In this article, we document perceptions of students, teachers, principals, parents, and community members related to school transformation under the leadership of an Inuk principal and and Inuk co-principal in two Nunavut high schools. These oral accounts show that having an Inuit principal enhanced students’ opportunities to learn and practise the Inuit language and IQ through enhanced, localized programming and increased exposure to Inuit ways of speaking and being. Parents were mobilized and equipped to support and advocate for their children, including joining local District Education Authorities, when they were able to communicate easily and effectively with the principal, and saw their knowledge, culture, and language valued and practised in the school system. We argue that the strong, community-anchored leadership modelled in these two schools transformed the context for effective intercultural, bilingual education. Results point to the importance of leadership by school principals in actualizing the goals set out in Nunavut’s Education Act (2008), governmental mandates, and language laws.
Résumé
Malgré les politiques de valorisation de la langue inuit et de l’Inuit qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) dans tous les secteurs de la société du Nunavut depuis 1999, et bien que des lois imposant la langue inuit et l’IQ à tous les niveaux de scolarité aient été promulguées en 2008, de nombreuses écoles s’efforcent encore de surmonter des pratiques et des mentalités colonialistes qui ont entravé l’efficacité de l’enseignement destiné aux jeunes Inuit. Dans cet article, nous documentons les perceptions des élèves, des enseignants, des directrices d’écoles, des parents et des membres de la communauté en ce qui concerne la transformation de la scolarité initiée par deux Inuit, respectivement directrice et co-directrice de deux écoles secondaires au Nunavut. Leurs commentaires montrent que le fait d’avoir une directrice inuk a donné aux élèves de meilleures chances d’apprendre et de pratiquer la langue inuit et l’IQ par le biais d’un programme approfondi et localisé et une exposition accrue à la langue et à la façon d’être inuit. Les parents ont été mobilisés pour soutenir leurs enfants et défendre leurs intérêts, y compris en devenant membres d’une Administration scolaire de district, dès qu’ils ont pu discuter facilement et efficacement avec la directrice d’école, et ont vu leur savoir, leur culture et leur langue valorisés et pratiqués dans le système scolaire. Nous soutenons qu’une direction ancrée dans la communauté a permis d’établir les nouvelles fondations d’un véritable enseignement bilingue. Les résultats montrent l’importance du rôle des directeurs d’école dans la concrétisation des objectifs définis par la Loi sur l’Éducation, les mandats gouvernementaux et la législation sur la langue.
Appendices
Appendices
References
- Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2010 Canada’s Statement of Support on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Ottawa (online at: http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374239861/1309374546142).
- Agbo, Seth A., 2002 Decentralization of First Nations education in Canada: Perspectives on ideals and realities on Indian control of Indian education, Interchange, 33(3): 281-301.
- Amaujaq National Centre for Inuit Education, 2013 Future Directions in Research in Inuit Education. Report prepared from the Proceedings of the 1st Forum on research in Inuit education, February 19-21, 2013, Iqaluit, Ottawa, Amaujaq National Centre for Inuit Education.
- ARNAQUQ, Naullaq, 2008 Uqaujjuusiat: Gifts of Words of Advice: Schooling, Education and Leadership in Baffin Island, Master’s thesis, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown.
- AYLWARD, M. Lynn, 2007 Discourses of cultural relevance in Nunavut schooling, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 22(7): 1-7.
- AYLWARD, M. Lynn, 2009 Culturally relevant schooling in Nunavut: Views of secondary school educators, Études/Inuit/Studies, 33(1-2): 77-93.
- Barnhardt, Ray, 2008 Creating a Place for Indigenous Knowledge in Education, in David A. Gruenwald and Gregory A. Smith (eds), Place-based Education in the Gobal Age: Local Diversity, New York, Lawrence Erlbaum: 113-134.
- BATTISTE, Marie, 1999 Enabling the autumn seed: Toward a decolonized approach to Aboriginal knowledge, language and education, Canadian Journal of Native Education, 22(1): 16-27.
- BATTISTE, Marie, 2011 Cognitive Imperialism and Decolonizing Research: Modes of Transformation, in Cole Reilly, Laurel K. Chehayl, Victoria Russe and Morna M. McDonald (eds), Surveying Borders, Boundaries, and Contested Spaces in Curriculum and Pedagogy, Charlotte, Information Age Publishing: xv-xxviii.
- Bell, David, 2004 Sharing our Success: Ten Case Studies in Aboriginal Schooling, Kelowna, SAEE.
- BERGER, Thomas R., 2006 “The Nunavut project”: Conciliator’s Final Report on the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Implementation Contract Negotiations for the Second Planning Period 2003-2013, Ottawa, Indian Affairs and Northern Development.
- Berger, Paul, 2007 Some thoughts on Qallunaat teacher caring in Nunavut, Journal of Teaching and Learning, 4(2): 1-12.
- Berger, Paul, 2009 Eurocentric roadblocks to school change in Nunavut, Études/Inuit/Studies, 33(1-2): 55-76.
- BERGER, Paul and Juanita EPP, 2007 “There’s no book and there’s no guide”: The expressed needs of Qallunaat educators in Nunavut, Brock Education, 6(2): 44-56.
- Corson, David J., 1992 Minority cultural values and discourse norms in majority culture classrooms, The Canadian Modern Language Review, 48(3): 472-496.
- Crago, Martha B., Alice Eriks-Brophy, Diane Pesco and Lynn McAlpine, 1997 Culturally based miscommunication in classroom interaction, Language, Speech, and HearingServices in Schools, 28(3): 245-254.
- Creswell, John W., 2003 Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
- CUMMINS, Jim, 1996 Negotiating Identities: Education for Empowerment in a Diverse Society, Ontario, California Association for Bilingual Education.
- CUMMINS, Jim, 2000 Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- Dorais, Louis-Jacques and Susan Sammons, 2002 Language in Nunavut: Discourse and Identity in the Baffin Region, Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College and Quebec City, Université Laval, GÉTIC.
- Douglas, Anne, 1998 “There’s Life and Then There’s School”:School and Community as Contradictory Contexts for Inuit Self/Knowledge, doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.
- Fulford, George, 2007 Sharing our Success: More Case Studies in Aboriginal Schooling, Kelowna, SAEE.
- FULLAN, Michael, 2007 The NEW Meaning of Educational Change, 4th edition, New York, Teachers College Press.
- FRAWLEY, Jack and Lyn FASOLI, 2012 Working together: intercultural leadership capabilities for both-ways education, School Leadership & Management, 32(4): 309-320.
- Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss, 1999[1967] The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, London, Transaction Publishers.
- Hornberger, Nancy H., 2009 Multilingual education policy and practice: Ten certainties (grounded in Indigenous experience), Language Teaching, 42(2): 197-211.
- Hymes, Dell, 1964 Introduction: Toward ethnographies of communication, American Anthropologist, 66(6): 1-34.
- Inuit cirCumpolar council, 2015 From Assessment to Vitality. Proceedings of the Arctic Indigenous Languages Assessment Symposium, Ottawa, Inuit Circumpolar Council.
- KAUKI, Mary Joanne, 2015 Reflections of an Emerging Inuit Educational Leader, in Fiona Walton and Darlene O’Leary (eds), Sivumut: Towards the Future Together. Inuit Women Educational Leaders in Nunavut and Nunavik, Toronto, Canadian Scholars’ Press: 141-162.
- KawagLEy, Angayuqaq Oscar, 1993 A Yupiaq World View: Implications for Cultural, Educational,and Technological Adaptation in a Contemporary World, doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
- LéVESQUE, Francis, 2014 Revisiting Inuit qaujimajatuqangit: Inuit knowledge, culture, language, and values in Nunavut institutions since 1999, Études/Inuit/Studies, 38(1-2): 115-136.
- Lewthwaite, Brian, 2007 From school to community to community-based school: The influence of an Aboriginal principal on culture-based school development, Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 64: 1-18.
- LIPKA, Jerry, 1998 Transforming the Culture of Schools: Yup’ik Eskimo Examples, New York and London, Routledge.
- McGregor, Heather E., 2010 Inuit Education and Schools in the Eastern Arctic, Vancouver and Toronto, UBC Press.
- MENKEN, Kate and Ofelia GARCÍA (eds), 2010 Negotiating Language Policies in Schools: Educators as Policymakers, New York, Routledge.
- NationalCommitteeonInuitEducation, 2011 First Canadians, Canadians First. National Strategy on Inuit Education, Ottawa, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
- NationalIndianBrotherhood, 1972 Indian Control of Indian Education, policy paper submitted to the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Ottawa, National Indian Brotherhood.
- NUNAVUT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, 1998 Report of the Nunavut Traditional Knowledge Conference, Igloolik, March 20-24, Igloolik, Nunavut Social Development Council.
- O’DONOGHUE, Fiona, 1998 The Hunger for Professional Learning in Nunavut Schools, doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto.
- O’DONOGHUE, Fiona, Alexander MCAULEY, Joanne TOMPKINS, Lena METUQ, Nunia QANATSIAQ and Elizabeth FORTES, 2005 Pursuing a Dream: Inuit Education in the Qikiqtani Region of Nunavut from 1980-1999, research report submitted to the Department of Education, Government of Nunavut, Charlottetown, University of Prince Edward Island.
- PATRICK, Donna and Perry SHEARWOOD, 1999 The roots of Inuktitut-language bilingual education, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 19(2): 249-262.
- SHOHAMY, Elana, 2006 Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches, London, Routledge.
- SHOHAMY, Elana, 2014 School principals as makers of school language policy, public lecture hosted by the Ministerial Multicultural Education Committee, University of South Australia, Adelaide, August 20.
- Smith, Linda Tuhwai, 1999 Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, London and New York, Zed Books.
- StatisticsCanada, 2012 Clyde River, Nunavut (Code 6204015) (table) and Pangnirtung, Nunavut (Code 1293) (table), Census Profile, 2011 Census, Ottawa, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE.
- Tagalik, Shirley, 2010 Inuit qaujimajatuqangit: The role of Indigenous knowledge in supporting wellness in Inuit communities in Nunavut, Ottawa, National Collaborating Center for Aboriginal Health.
- Taylor, Donald M. and Stephen C. Wright, 2003 Do Aboriginal students benefit from education in their heritage language? Results from a ten-year program of research in Nunavik, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 23(1): 1-24.
- Tompkins, Joanne, 1998 Teaching in a Cold and Windy Place: Change in an Inuit School, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- Tompkins, Joanne, Alexander MCAULEY and Fiona WALTON, 2009 Protecting embers to light the qulliit of Inuit learning in Nunavut communities, Études/Inuit/Studies, 33(1-2): 95-113.
- Tulloch, Shelley, 2004 Inuktitut and Inuit Youth: Language Attitudes as a Basis for Language Planning, doctoral dissertation, Université Laval, Quebec City.
- Valdiviezo, Laura A. and Sonia NIETO, 2015 Culture in Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Conflict, Struggle, and Power, in Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, and Ofelia García (eds), The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual Education, Malden, Wiley: 92-108.
- Walton, Fiona, Mark Sandiford, Jukeepa Hainnu, Lena Metuq, Saa PITSIULAK and Elisapee Flaherty, 2011 Going Places: Preparing Inuit High School Students for a Changing Wider World, documentary, 28 minutes, Charlottetown, University of Prince Edward Island, Faculty of Education.
- WALTON, Fiona, Joanne TOMPKINS, Jukeepa HAINNU and Denise TONEY, 2016 School leadership in Inuit and Mi’kmaw contexts in Canada, in Simon Clark and Thomas O’Donoghue (eds), School Leadership in Diverse Contexts, New York, Routledge: 95-113.
- WILSON, Shawn, 2008 Research is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods, Halifax, Fernwood.
- WYMAN, Leisy T., 2009 Youth, linguistic ecology, and language endangerment: A Yup’ik example, Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 8(5): 335-349.
- United Nations, 2008 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva, United Nations (online at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf)