Abstracts
Abstract
The study of Inuit-European contact in Labrador has often divided the coast into north and south, creating a dichotomy that ignores Inuit mobility and emphasizes the arrival and placement of Europeans along the coast. This has caused some researchers to focus too heavily on missionary trade involvement in the north while ignoring merchant activity in the south, and vice versa. This paper seeks to provide further evidence in support of Inuit entrepreneurs as catalysts for the abundance and diversity of European-made trade goods along the coast, rather than the missionaries or merchants themselves. This study presents an analysis of four Inuit dwellings dating from the mid-18th through early 19th centuries, both pre- and post- missionary arrival, from two distinct regions: Nain and Hamilton Inlet. The results show no significant difference in the quantity of trade goods between the two regions, either before or after the arrival of Moravian missionaries. There may have been another factor at work: influential Inuit traders who were a key component of the trade network, who likely rose to entrepreneurial status prior to the arrival of missionaries, and who continued to move items along the coast thereafter. Thus, the increasing European presence did not largely affect the trade network that had emerged by the early 18th century, aside from providing the Inuit population with access to additional resources and more options.
Résumé
Dans l’étude des contacts entre Inuit et Européens au Labrador, la côte a souvent été divisée entre ses parties nord et sud, et cette dichotomie rendait aveugle à la mobilité des Inuit tout en conférant plus d’importance à l’arrivée et à l’implantation des Européens le long de la côte. Cette situation a fait en sorte que certains chercheurs ont trop mis l’accent sur l’implication des missionnaires dans la traite dans le nord tout en ignorant les activités commerciales dans le sud, et inversement. Cet article cherche à fournir de nouvelles données pour appuyer l’idée que ce sont les entrepreneurs inuit qui ont été les catalyseurs, le long de la côte, de l’abondance et de la diversité des marchandises fabriquées en Europe, plutôt que les missionnaires ou les commerçants eux-mêmes. Cet article présente l’analyse de quatre habitations inuit datant du milieu du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’au début du XIXe siècle, soit antérieures et postérieures à l’arrivée des missionnaires, dans deux régions distinctes, Nain et Hamilton Inlet. Les résultats montrent qu’il n’existe aucune différence significative dans la quantité des marchandises de traite entre les deux régions, que ce soit avant ou après l’arrivée des missionnaires moraves. Cela indique qu’il y avait un autre facteur à l’oeuvre, corroborant l’idée que les traiteurs inuit influents ont été un élément clé des réseaux commerciaux car il est probable qu’ils avaient atteint le statut d’entrepreneurs avant l’arrivée des missionnaires et qu’ils ont continué à transporter des marchandises le long de la côte après cela. Par conséquent, le réseau commercial apparu au début du XVIIIe siècle n’a pas souffert, semble-t-il, de l’accroissement de la présence européenne, celle-ci donnant en outre à la population inuit un accès à des ressources supplémentaires et à davantage d’options.
Appendices
Archival source
- MORAVIAN CHURCH, 1788 Goods wanted in Hopedale, St. John’s, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Centre for Newfoundland Studies, microfilm 511, reel 25: 037237-037238.
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