Abstracts
Abstract
This paper summarizes a decade of archaeological research demonstrating evidence for periods of year-round Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Excavations at several winter villages replicate settlement patterns at sod house sites in central Labrador, including continuation of a traditional Inuit subsistence and domestic economy while incorporating European materials and artifacts. Finds at the Hare Harbour site on Petit Mécatina Island suggest active Inuit collaboration with a European (probably Basque) whaling and fishing station. The Hare Harbour site is a unique early instance of Inuit-European economic and social enterprise. In the early 1700s the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore came to an abrupt end due to economic competition and hostilities with European and Indian groups that forced Inuit to abandon the coast and retreat north to the core area of Inuit settlement on the central Labrador coast.
Résumé
Cet article récapitule une décennie de recherches archéologiques qui démontrent l’occupation permanente de la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec par les Inuit à la fin du XVIIe et au début du XVIIIe siècles. Les résultats des fouilles de plusieurs villages occupés l’hiver ont démontré des modes d’établissement dans des maisons de tourbe similaires à ceux du centre du Labrador, incluant une continuation du mode de subsistance et de l’économie domestique inuit traditionnels incorporant des matériaux et artéfacts européens. À l’île du Petit Mécatina, le site de Hare Harbour suggère une collaboration inuit avec une station européenne (probablement basque) de chasse à la baleine et de pêche. Le site de Hare Harbour constitue un exemple unique d’une des premières entreprises socioéconomiques inuit-européennes. Au début des années 1700, l’occupation inuit de la Basse-Côte-Nord s’arrêta brusquement à la suite d’une concurrence économique et d’hostilités avec des Européens et des groupes amérindiens. Les Inuit furent alors contraints d’abandonner la côte et de se retrancher vers le nord, leur territoire d’origine sur la côte centrale du Labrador.
Appendices
References
- AUDUBON, John James, 1897 Audubon and His Journals, Maria R. Audubon (ed.), with zoological and other notes by Elliott Coues, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons.
- AUGER, Réginald, 1993 Late 18th and Early 19th Century Inuit and Europeans in Southern Labrador, Arctic, 46(1): 27-34.
- ARGÜELLES, Sarai Barreiro, 2015 Ciudadanos del Atlántico. Las redes de aprovisionamiento trasatlánticas de las pescas vascas en Canadá a través de su cerámica, siglos XVI-XVIII, Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Montréal, Montreal.
- BARKHAM, Selma, 1978 The Basques: Filling a Gap in Our History between Jacques Cartier and Champlain, Canadian Geographical Journal, 49(1): 8-19.
- BARKHAM, Selma, 1980 A note on the Strait of Belle Isle during the period of Basque contact with Indians and Inuit, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2): 51-58.
- BELVIN, Cleophas, 2006 The Forgotten Labrador: Kegashka to Blanc Sablon, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- BROUAGUE, François Martel de, 1923[1729] Mémoire de M. de Brouage, commandant pour le Roi à la côte de Labrador au Conseil de Marine sur ce qui s’est passé à la côte de Labrador depuis le départ des navires de l’année 1728 (20 septembre 1729), Rapport de l’Archiviste de la province de Québec pour 1922-1923, Quebec City, Ls. A. Proulx: 384.
- CHAREST, Paul, 1998 Les Inuit du Labrador canadien au milieu du siècle dernier et leurs descendants de la Basse-Côte-Nord, Études/Inuit/Studies, 22(1): 5-35.
- DELANGLEZ, Jean, 1948 Life and Voyages of Louis Jolliet (1645-1700), Chicago, Institute of Jesuit History.
- DUMAIS, Pierre and Jean POIRIER, 1994 Témoignage d’un site archéologique inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Côte-Nord, Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 23(1-2): 18-30.
- FITZHUGH, William W., l987 Archaeological ethnicity and the prehistory of Labrador, in A. Auger, M.F. Glass, S. MacEachern and P. McCartney (ed.), Ethnicity and culture, Calgary, University of Calgary, Chacmool Archaeological Association: 141-153.
- FITZHUGH, William W., 2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore, in Lisa K. Rankin and Peter Ramsden (eds), From the Arctic to Avalon: Papers in Honour of James A. Tuck Jr., Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series, 1507: 53-70.
- FITZHUGH, William W., 2014a After Red Bay: A Basque and Inuit Joint Venture on the Quebec Lower North Shore, Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos, 59(2): 321-348.
- FITZHUGH, William W., 2014b Climate modeling of sea ice, harp seals, and Eskimos in the Eastern Subarctic, in Sheila Kulyk, Cara G. Tremain and Madeleine Sawyer (eds), Climates of change: the shifting environment of archaeology. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Chacmool Conference, Calgary, University of Calgary, Chacmool Archaeological Association: 23-52.
- FITZHUGH, William W., Yves CHRÉTIEN and Helena SHARP (eds), 2004 Gateways Project 2004: Surveys and Excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Center Field Report Series.
- FITZHUGH, William W., Anja HERZOG, Sophia PERDIKARIS and Brenna McLEOD, 2011 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Early Europeans, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Ben Ford (ed.), The Archaeology Maritime Landscapes: When the Land Meets the Sea, New York, Springer: 99-128.
- FRENETTE, Pierre (ed.), 1996 Histoire de la Côte-Nord, Quebec City, Presses de l’Université Laval.
- GOSLING, W.G., 1911 Labrador: Its Discovery, Exploration, and Development, New York, John Lane Company.
- GRENIER, Robert, Willis STEVENS and Marc-André BERNIER, 2007 L’archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay: La construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basque au XVIe siècle, 5 volumes, Ottawa, Parcs Canada.
- HAWKES, Ernest W., 1916 The Labrador Eskimo, Ottawa, Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey, Memoir 91, Anthropological Series, 14.
- HERZOG, Anja, 2011 L’île du Petit Mécatina sur la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec. Résultats préliminaires des analyses céramiques d’un site voué aux activités de pêche saisonnière dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècle, in Steven R. Pendery and Fabienne Ravoire (eds), Migrations, transferts et échanges de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. Histoire et archéologie des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Les Actes du 133e Congrès du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Québec, 2008, Paris, éditions du CTHS: 121-141.
- HERZOG, Anja and Jean-François MOREAU, 2006 European glass trade beads, neutron activation analysis, and the historical implications of dating seasonal Basque whaling stations in the New World, 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 3-7 May 2004, Zaragoza, Spain, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico, Publication 2621: 495-502 (online at: http://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ver/id/2610).
- INNIS, Harold A., 1940 The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy, New Haven, Yale University Press.
- JORDAN, Richard H. and Susan A. KAPLAN, 1978 Archaeological Investigations of the Hamilton Inlet Labrador Eskimo: Social and Economic Responses to European Contact, Arctic Anthropology, 15(2): 175-185.
- JORDAN, Richard H. and Susan A. KAPLAN, 1980 An archaeological view of the Inuit/European contact in Central Labrador, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2): 35-45.
- KAPLAN, Susan A., 1985 European Goods and Socio-Economic Change in Early Labrador Inuit Society, in William W. Fitzhugh (ed.), Cultures in Contact: The European Impact on Native Cultural Institutions in Eastern North America, A.D. 1000-1800, Washington, Anthropological Society of Washington: 45-69.
- LÉVESQUE, René, 1968 L’archéologie à Brador: rapport préliminaire, report on file, Société d’Archéologie de la Côte-Nord.
- LÉVESQUE, René, 1972 Description préliminaire détaillée de quatre saisons de fouilles archéologiques dans la région de Blanc-Sablon, au détroit de Belle-Isle (1968-1971), report on file, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications, Quebec City.
- MARTIJN, Charles A., 1974 Archaeological Research on the Lower Saint-Lawrence North-Shore, Quebec, in W.J. Byrne (ed.), Archaeological Salvage Projects 1972, Ottawa, National Museum of Man, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series, 15: 112-130
- MARTIJN, Charles A., 1980a The “Eskimaux” in the 17th and 18th century cartography of the Gulf of St. Lawrence: A preliminary discussion, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2): 77-104.
- MARTIJN, Charles A., 1980b La présence inuit sur la Côte-Nord du golfe Saint-Laurent à l’époque historique, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2): 105-125.
- MARTIJN, Charles A., Selma BARKHAM and Michael BARKHAM, 2003 Basques? Beothuk? Inuit? or St. Lawrence Iroquoians? The Whalers on the 1546 Desceliers Map, Seen Through the Eyes of Different Beholders, Newfoundland and Labrador Studies, 19(1): 187-206.
- MARTIJN, Charles A. and Norman CLERMONT (eds), 1980 Les Inuit du Québec-Labrador méridional/The Inuit of Southern Quebec-Labrador, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2).
- MARTIJN, Charles A. and Louis-Jacques DORAIS, 2001 Eighteenth-Century Innu (Montagnais) and Inuit Toponyms in the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland, Newfoundland Studies, 17(2): 319-330.
- MÉMORIA HISTORIENS, 2013 Appendix 1: Petit Mécatina Historical Report, in William W. Fitzhugh (ed.), The Gateways Project 2012: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina, and Little Canso Island, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Center: 198-222.
- OSTÉOTHÈQUE DE MONTRÉAL, 2015 Analyse des restes fauniques des sites Little Canso Island (EhBn-9) et Hart Chalet (EiBh-47), prepared by Claire St-Germain, Montreal, Université of Montréal, Ostéothèque de Montréal.
- OYARBID, Lourdes Odriozola, 2013 Report on archival survey regarding Basques in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, in William W. Fitzhugh (ed.), The Gateways Project 2011: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, Arctic Studies Center: 228-249.
- PACKARD, Alpheus S., 1891 The Labrador Coast, New York, N.D.C. Hodges.
- PINTAL, Jean-Ives, 1998 Aux frontières de la Mer: La préhistoire de Blanc-Sablon, Quebec City, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications, Les Publications du Québec, Collection Patrimoines, 102.
- RANKIN, Lisa K., 2012 Indian Harbour, Labrador, in Stephen Hull (ed.), Provincial Archaeology Office 2011 Archaeology Review, St. John’s, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Archaeology Office Archaeology Review, 10: 126-129.
- ROBERTSON, Samuel, 1843 Notes on the Coast of Labrador, Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 4(1): 27-53.
- STOPP, Marianne P., 1997 Long-term Coastal Occupancy between Cape Charles and Trunmore Bay, Labrador, Arctic, 50(2): 119-137.
- STOPP, Marianne P., 2002 Reconsidering Inuit presence in southern Labrador, Études/Inuit/Studies, 26(2): 71-106.
- STOPP, Marianne P., 2012 The 2011 Field Season at North Island-1 (FeAx-3), in Stephen Hull (ed.), Provincial Archaeology Office 2011Archaeology Review, St. John’s, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Provincial Archaeology Office Archaeology Review, 10: 166-168.
- TANNER, Väinö, 2014[1947] Outlines of Geography, Life and Customs of Newfoundland-Labrador, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; 2 volumes (reprint from 1947).
- TAYLOR, J. Garth, 1980 The Inuit of Southern Quebec-Labrador: Reviewing the evidence, Études/Inuit/Studies, 4(1-2): 185-194.
- WINTEMBERG, William J., 1939 Eskimo sites of the Dorset Culture in Newfoundland: Part I, American Antiquity, 5(2): 83-102.
- WOOLLETT, James M., 2007 Labrador Inuit subsistence in the context of environmental change: An initial landscape history perspective, American Anthropologist, 109(5): 69-84.
- WOOLLETT, James M., 2010 Oakes Bay 1: A preliminary preconstruction of a Labrador Inuit sea hunting economy in the context of climate change, Geografisk Tidsskrift - Danish Journal of Geography, 110(2): 245-259.
- WOOLLETT, James M., Anne S. HENSHAW and Cameron P. WAKE, 2000 Palaeoecological implications of archaeological seal bone assemblages: Case studies from Labrador and Baffin Island, Arctic, 53(4): 395-413.