Abstracts
Abstract
The Government of Nunavut and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement organizations have been making a lot of effort to integrate Inuit qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) into their operations, institutional structures, and policies since the creation of the territory in 1999. This paper describes some of the ways in which IQ has been integrated into the operations, structures, and policies of Nunavut since 1999. It also proposes a broader discussion about the impacts of Western bureaucratic institutions on IQ, and highlights that IQ also impacts Nunavut operations and institutions. In this paper, I argue that IQ is not so much a practice of resistance to the colonial order, as some have suggested, but rather a way for Inuit to assume control of these structures to adapt them to their own use. Although IQ has still relatively limited influence, it has the potential, in the long run, to reshape Nunavut institutions and make them more representative of Inuit culture.
Résumé
Cet article décrit comment le gouvernement du Nunavut et les organisations nées de l’Accord sur les revendications territoriales du Nunavut tentent d’intégrer l’ Inuit qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) dans leurs opérations, leurs structures et leurs politiques depuis la création du territoire en 1999. Il propose aussi une discussion plus large sur les impacts des institutions bureaucratiques occidentales sur l’IQ et souligne le fait que l’IQ influence également les opérations et les institutions du Nunavut. Dans cet article, je propose de repenser l’IQ non pas comme une résistance aux institutions coloniales, comme il a été suggéré, mais plutôt comme un moyen pour les Inuit de s’approprier ces structures en les adapter à leurs usages. Même si l’IQ joue encore un rôle relativement limité, il a le potentiel, à long terme, de transformer les institutions du Nunavut pour qu’elles soient plus représentatives de la culture des Inuit.
Appendices
Statutes
- Canada Wildlife Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. W-9
- Inuit Language Protection Act, S.Nu 2008, c. 17
- Nunavut Act, S.C. 1993, c. 28
- Nunavut Education Act, S.Nu. 2008, c. 15
- Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, S.C. 1993, c. 29
- Nunavut Wildlife Act, S.Nu. 2003, c. 26
References
- AMAGOALIK, John, 2007 Changing the Face of Canada, Louis McComber (ed.), Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College, Life Stories of Northern Leaders, 2.
- ARNAKAK, Jaypeetee, 2000 What is Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit? Commentary, Nunatsiaq News, Iqaluit, August 25.
- AYRES, Matthew, 2012 The Impact of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit on Formal Education in Nunavut, M.A., Royal Roads University, Victoria.
- COMAROFF, John and Jean COMAROFF, 1992 Ethnography and the Historical Imagination, San Francisco, Westview Press.
- DICKERSON, Marc O., 1992 Whose North? Political Change, Political Development, and Self-Government in the Northwest Territories, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- DAHL, Jens, Jack HICKS and Peter JULL (eds), 2000 Nunavut: Inuit Regain Control of Their Lands and Their Lives, Copenhagen, IWGIA.
- DOWSLEY, Martha and George WENZEL, 2008 The Time of the Most Polar Bears: A Co-management Conflict in Nunavut. Arctic, 61(2): 177-189.
- DUFFY, Ronald Quinn, 1988 The Road to Nunavut. The Progress of the Eastern Arctic Inuit since the Second World War, Kingston, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- DUSKRAT, Vanessa Urch and Anthony T. PESCOSOLIDO, 2002 The Context of effective Teamwork Mental Models in Self-Managing Teams: Ownership, Learning and Heedful Interrelating, Human Relations, 55(3): 283-314.
- FENGE, Terry and Paul QUASSA, 2009 Negotiating and Implementing the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, Policy Options, June-August: 80-86.
- FOSTER, Hamar, Heather RAVEN and Jeremy WEBBER (eds), 2007 Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal Title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- FRIDERES, J.S. and W.J. REEVES, 1987 Northwest Territories Political Development and the Plebiscite, Études/Inuit/Studies, 11(1): 107-133.
- GEORGE, Jane, 2013 CamBay elders receive master teacher certification, Nunatsiaq News, May 2.
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT, 1999a The Bathurst Mandate. That Which We’ve Set Out to Do. Pinasuaqtavut. Our Hopes and Plans for Nunavut, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut.
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT, 1999b Report from the September Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit Workshop, Niaqunngnut, Nunavut, September 29-30, 1999, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth.
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT, 2013 IQ and Cultural Immersion Days Directives, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut (online at: http://www.news.gov.nu.ca/2013/january/jan31a.pdf).
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT, 2014a Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, Iqaluit, Department of Culture and Heritage (online at: http://www.ch.gov.nu.ca/en/IQK.aspx)
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT, 2014b Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), Iqaluit, Department of Economic Development and Transportation (online at: www.edt.gov.nu.ca/apps/authoring/dspPage.aspx?page=iq).
- GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT and NTI (NUNAVUT TUNNGAVIK INC.), 2011 Aajiiqatigiinniq: Working Together, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut and Nunavut Tunngavik Inc.
- GRAHAM, Katherine A., M.P. Sharon BROWN, Anne B. McALLISTER and Margot J. WOJCIECHWSKI, 1984 A Climate for Change: Alternative for the Central and Eastern Arctic, Kingston, Queen’s University, Institute of Local Government and Centre for Resource Studies.
- HARRIS, Julie, Philip GOLDRING, Madeleine REDFERN, Natascha MORRISON, Alice GLAZE, Teresa IACOBELLI, Francis LÉVESQUE, Bernadette JOHNSON, Joan BARD MILLER and Brian CAMERON, 2013 Qikiqtani Truth Commission. Community Histories 1950-1975, Iqaluit, Qikiqtani Inuit Association.
- HENDERSON, Ailsa, 2007 Nunavut: Rethinking Political Culture, Vancouver, UBC Press.
- INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGINNUT (IQ) TASK FORCE, 2002 The First Annual Report of the Inuit Qaujimajatuqanginnut (IQ) Task Force, Iqaluit, Inuit Qaujimajatuqanginnut (IQ) Task Force.
- INUIT TAPIRISAT OF CANADA, 1976 Nunavut: Règlement proposé des revendications territoriales des Inuit, Ottawa, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada.
- INUIT TAPIRISAT OF CANADA, 1977 Speaking for the First Citizens of the Canadian, Ottawa, Inuit Tapirisat of Canada.
- KIVALLIQ INUIT ASSOCIATION, 2014 Social Development Department, Cambridge Bay, Kivalliq Inuit Association (online at: http://www.kivalliqinuit.ca/socdev.html)
- KUSUGAK, Jose A., 2000 The Tide Has Shifted: Nunavut Works For Us and It Offers a Lesson to the Broader Global Community, in J. Dahl, J. Hicks and P. Jull (eds), Nunavut. Inuit Regain Control of Their Lands and Their Lives, Copenhagen, IWGIA, document 102: 12-19.
- LAUGRAND, Frédéric and Jarich OOSTEN, 2007 Bears and Dogs in Canadian Inuit Cosmology, in J. Oosten and F. Laugrand (eds), La nature des esprits dans les cosmologies autochtones, Québec, Les Presses de l’Université Laval: 353-386.
- LÉGARÉ, André, 1993 Le projet Nunavut: bilan des revendications des Inuit des Territoires-du-Nord-Ouest, Études/Inuit/Studies, 17(2): 29-62.
- LÉGARÉ, André, 1996 Le gouvernement du Territoire du Nunavut (1999): une analyse prospective, Études/Inuit/Studies, 20(1): 1-43.
- LESAGE, Jean, 1955 Enter the European. V - Among the Eskimos (Part II), The Beaver, 285: 3-9.
- LÉVESQUE, Francis, 2000 «La culture inuit n’est pas une cérémonie de thé japonaise». Historique et enjeux de l’Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit («les connaissances déjà acquises») au Nunavut, M.A., Université Laval, Quebec City.
- LOUKACHEVA, Natalia, 2007 The Arctic Promise. Legal Political Autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- MACKAY, Teevi, 2012 Striving for Balance in Nunavut. Modern Education Meets Traditional Inuit Knowldege, Above and Beyond, July/August (online at: www.arcticjournal.ca/index.php/news-item/striving-for-balance-in-nunavut/)
- McGREGOR, Heather E., 2012a Curriculum Change in Nunavut: Towards Inuit Qaujimajatunqagit, McGill Journal of Education, 47(3): 285-302.
- McGREGOR, Heather E., 2012b Nunavut’s Education Act: Education, Legislation, and Change in the Arctic, The Northern Review, 36: 27-52.
- NSDC (NUNAVUT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL), 1998a A Discussion Paper: Towards an Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ), Policy for Nunavut, Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Nunavut Social Development Council.
- NSDC (NUNAVUT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL), 1998b Report of the Nunavut Traditional Knowledge Conference, Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Nunavut Social Development Council.
- NSDC (NUNAVUT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL), 2001 On Our Own Terms: The State of Inuit Culture and Society, 2000, Iqaluit, Nunavut Social Development Council.
- NTI (NUNAVUT TUNNGAVIK INC.), 2014a Inuit and Land Claims Organizations in Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (online at: http://www.tunngavik.com/about/nti-organizational-chartnti-timiup-havaktut-naunaitkutaat/).
- NTI (NUNAVUT TUNNGAVIK INC.), 2014b Inuit Social and Cultural Advisory Committee, Iqaluit, Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (online at: http://www.tunngavik.com/about/closer-to-inuit/inuit-social-and-cultural-advisory-committee/).
- NUNAVUT WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT BOARD, 2014 IQ Program and Database, Iqaluit, Nunavut Wildlife Management Board (http://www.nwmb.com/en/?option=com_content&view=article&id=109-iq-program-and-database&catid=151-current-initiatives&lang=en).
- OOSTEN, Jarich, Frédéric LAUGRAND and Wim RASING (eds), 1999 Perspectives on Traditional Law. Interviewing Inuit Elders, Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College.
- OUR TIMES, 2011 Nunavut Government and Inuit Values: The Tuttarviit, Iqaluit, Official blog of the Consilium Consulting Group, Aarluk Consulting, and Stonecircle Consulting (online at: http://ccg-ourtimes.blogspot.ca/2011/10/nunavut-government-and-inuit-values.html).
- QIKIQTANI INUIT ASSOCIATION, 2014 Department of Social Policy, Iqaluit, Qikiqtani Inuit Association (online at: http://www.qia.ca/apps/authoring/dspPage.aspx?page=social_policy).
- QIKIQTANI TRUTH COMMISSION, 2013 Qikiqtani Truth Commission. Thematic Reports and Special Studies 1950-1975, Iqaluit, Qikiqtani Inuit Association.
- QIKIQTANI TRUTH COMMISSION, 2014 Qikiqtani Truth Commission, Iqaluit, Qikiqtani Truth Commission (online at: http://www.qtcommission.com/)
- RIDEOUT, Denise, 2001 Nunavut’s Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit Group Gets Started, Nunatsiaq News, February 2.
- ROBERTSON, Gordon, 1960 Administration for Development in Northern Canada: The Growth and Evolution of Government, Canadian Public administration, 3(4): 354-362.
- ROBERTSON, Gordon, 2000 Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant. Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- RODON, Thierry, 2014 Working Together: The Experience of Multilevel Governance in Nunavut, Arctic Review of Law and Politics, 5(2): 250-270.
- ROGERS, Sarah, 2011 GN Workers Can Now Speak Inuktitut at Work: Language Protection Act, Nunatsiaq News, November 11.
- SAHLINS, Marshall, 1993 Goodbye to Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the Context of Modern World History, Journal of Modern History, 65(1): 1-25.
- SAHLINS, Marshall, 1999a Two or Three Things That I Know About Culture, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 5(3): 399-421.
- SAHLINS, Marshall, 1999b What is Anthropological Enlightenment? Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century, Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(1): i-xxiii.
- SPALDING, Alex, 1998 Inuktitut. A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq Base), Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College.
- TAPARDJUK, Louis, 2013 Fighting for Our Rights. The Life Story of Louis Tapardjuk, Jaypeetee Arnakak, Frédéric Laugrand and Louis McComber (eds), Iqaluit, Nunavut Research Institute, Quebec City, CIÉRA.
- TARGÉ, Anne-Pascale, 2005 Transmission des savoirs oraux dans les écoles inuit. Études du cas de la communauté d’Arviat (Nunavut), M.A., Université Laval, Quebec City.
- TESTER, Frank and Peter IRNIQ, 2008 Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: Social History, Politics and the Practice of Resistance, Arctic, 81(suppl. 1): 48-61.
- THERRIEN, Michèle, 1987 Le corps inuit (Québec arctique), Paris, SELAF.
- THERRIEN, Michèle, 2012 Les Inuit, Paris, Les belles lettres.
- TUNGAVIK FEDERATION OF NUNAVUT and INDIAN AFFAIRS AND NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT, 1993 Agreement between the Inuit of the Nunavut Settlement Area and her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, Tungavik Federation of Nunavut, Indian Affairs and Northern Development.
- USHER, Peter, 2000 Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Environmental Assessment and Management, Arctic, 53(2): 183-193.
- WENZEL, George W., 2004 From TEK to IQ: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit and Inuit Cultural Ecology, Arctic Anthropology, 41(2): 238-250.
- ZASLOW, Morris, 1988 The Northward Expansion of Canada 1914-1967, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart.