Abstracts
Abstract
Northern Youth Abroad (NYA) is the first and presently the only educational travel program developed specifically to meet the needs of the Canadian North’s youth. Part of NYA’s mandate, cultivating northern youth leadership, has received very little academic attention and merits greater investigation. In this qualitative case study, we draw on semi-structured interviews with 10 Nunavut Inuit past participants, one NYA staff member, and one NYA Board member, as well as archival research at NYA. We argue that NYA alumni use both traditional Inuit and Euro-Canadian approaches to leadership development; as a result, these youths have created what Bhabha described as a “third space,” where the binary dynamic between colonial/neo-colonial and traditional influences is displaced by new structures that weave heterogeneous influences together. These findings suggest that NYA’s Nunavut Inuit alumni possess strong and adaptive leadership abilities. We conclude that in order to better understand the challenges that face the current generation of Inuit youths, researchers should be well advised to recognise the adaptability, resilience, and leadership that Nunavut Inuit youths such as NYA alumni have developed and use in a wide variety of areas of their lives.
Résumé
Northern Youth Abroad (NYA) est le premier et, à l’heure actuelle, le seul programme de voyage pédagogique offert pour répondre aux besoins des jeunes du nord du Canada. Une partie du mandat de NYA est de cultiver le leadership des jeunes, domaine très peu étudié et qui mérite davantage d’attention. Dans cette étude de cas qualitative, nous utilisons des entretiens semi-structurés qui ont eu lieu avec 10 anciens participants inuit de NYA, un employé de NYA, et un membre du comité de NYA, ainsi que des documents d’archives de NYA. Pour développer du leadership, nous avançons que les anciens de NYA se servent d’approches traditionnelles inuit et euro-canadiennes, créant ainsi ce que Bhabha décrit comme un «troisième espace» où la dynamique binaire entre les influences coloniales/néo-coloniales et traditionnelles est remplacée par de nouvelles structures où s’entremêlent des influences hétérogènes. Nos résultats suggèrent que les anciens participants inuit de NYA venant du Nunavut ont de fortes aptitudes au leadership qui leur permettent de s’adapter. Enfin, pour pouvoir mieux comprendre les défis auxquels les jeunes Inuit d’aujourd’hui sont confrontés, les chercheurs devraient reconnaître l’adaptabilité, la résilience et le leadership des jeunes Inuit du Nunavut, aptitudes que les anciens de NYA ont développées et qu’ils utilisent dans une grande variété de domaines de la vie courante.
Appendices
References
- ANIELSKI, Mark and David POLLOCK, 2003 The State of Inuit Well-being in Nunavut 2001, report prepared for the Nunavut Social Development Council and Nunavut Tunngavit Inc., Iqaluit.
- Bhabha, Homi K., 1987 Interrogating identity, Identity Documents, 6: 5-11.
- Bhabha, Homi K., 1988 The commitment to theory, New Formations, 5(1): 5-23.
- Bhabha, Homi K., 1990 Nation and Narration, New York, Taylor and Francis.
- BRIGGS, Jean L., 1970 Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
- CIDA (CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY), 2011 August 19 International Aboriginal youth internships initiative (online at: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/ANN-126114515-MNC).
- COLE, Sally C., 1982 Bored in the Arctic: The modern experience of Inuit youth, M.A. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- DAUVERGNE, Mia, 2008 Crime statistics in Canada, 2007, Ottawa, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.
- DCLEY (DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, LANGUAGE, ELDERS, AND YOUTH, GOVERNMENT OF NUNAVUT), 2003 Youth identity development strategy, Iqaluit, Department of Culture, Language, Elders, and Youth, Government of Nunavut.
- FONTANA, Andrea and James H. FREY, 2005 The interview: From neutral stance to political involvement, in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (eds), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, Sage: 695-727.
- GEERTZ, Clifford, 1973 Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture, Culture: Critical Concepts in Sociology, 1: 173-196.
- GILES, Audrey R., 2002 Sport Nunavut’s gender equity policy: Reality, rhetoric, and relevance, Canadian Woman Studies, 21(3): 95-99.
- GLASER, Barney G., 1978 Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory, Mill Valley, Sociology Press.
- GOMBAY, Nicole, 2000 The politics of culture: Gender parity in the legislative assembly of Nunavut, Études/Inuit/Studies, 24(1): 125-148.
- HANSON, Morley, 2003 Inuit youth and ethnic identity change: The Nunavut Sivuniksavut experience, M.A. thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
- HICKS, John, 1999 The Nunavut land claim and the Nunavut Government: Political structures of self-government in Canada’s Eastern Arctic, Aldershot, Ashgate.
- IP, Janet, 2007 We don’t live in igloos: Inuvik youth speak out, Canadian Family Physician, 53(5): 865-870.
- ITK (INUIT TAPIRIIT KANATAMI), 2005 State of Inuit learning in Canada, Ottawa: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (online at: http://www.ccl-cca.ca/pdfs/AbLKC/StateOfInuitLearning.pdf).
- KAPOOR, Ilan, 2008 The post-colonial politics of development, London, Taylor and Francis.
- KRAL, Michael J., 2003 Unikkaartuit: Meanings of well-being, sadness, suicide, and change in two Inuit communities, final report to the National Health Research and Development Programs, Ottawa, Health Canada.
- LEE, Cathy, 1996 Sivumuaqatigiiniq- Leading together: Stories of Baffin Inuit women educational leaders, M.A. thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria.
- McDOUGALL, Barbara, 1994 Helping “the future” to gain its voice today: The double oppression of Inuit youth and the pressing need for youth organization, discussion paper prepared for Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, Ottawa.
- MEYER, Andrea E., 2002 The Nunavut Youth Abroad program: A new NGO in Canada’s newest territory, M.A. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto.
- MILES, Matthew B. and Michael A. HUBERMAN, 1994 Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, Thousand Oaks, SAGE.
- MINOR, Kit, 1992 Issumatuq: Learning from the traditional helping wisdom of the Canadian Inuit, Halifax, Fernwood.
- NOAH, Jennifer, 2010 Youth wellness and empowerment camps, report prepared for Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre, Iqaluit (online at: http://www.qhrc.ca/apps/UPLOADS/fck/file/Youth%20Empowerment%20Camps%20Report.pdf).
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 1999 Nunavut Youth Abroad Program Partnership Agreement (Draft), Ottawa, Northern Youth Abroad.
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 2009 Team Cara final report, Ottawa, Northern Youth Abroad, one file in the NYA Programming folder (International reports folder).
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 2011 Participant pre/post program questionnaires, Ottawa, Northern Youth Abroad, one file in the NYA Alumni folder (Alumni feedback folder).
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 2012a Welcome to Northern Youth Abroad, home page at web site (http://www.nya.ca/).
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 2012b 01 Answers to feedback forms: NYA Nunavut Inuit alumni from 2006-2011, Ottawa, Northern Youth Abroad, one file in the NYA Alumni folder (Alumni feedback folder).
- NORTHERN YOUTH ABROAD, 2012c 01 Reflective essays: NYA Nunavut Inuit alumni from 2006-2011, Ottawa, Northern Youth Abroad, one file in the NYA Alumni folder (Alumni feedback folder).
- O’DONNELL, Vivian and Heather TAIT, 2003 Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2001 - Initial findings: Well-being of the non-reserve Aboriginal Population. Ottawa, Statistics Canada.
- PAUKTUUTIT (INUIT WOMEN OF CANADA), 2006 The Inuit Way: A Guide to Inuit Culture, Ottawa, Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada (online at: www.uqar.ca/files/boreas/inuitway_e.pdf).
- RUTHERFORD, Jonathan, 1990 The third space: Interview with Homi Bhabha, in Jonathan Rutherford (ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, London, Lawrence and Wishart: 207-221.
- SEARLES, Edmund, 2006 Anthropology in an era of Inuit empowerment, in Pamela Stern and Lisa Stevenson (eds), Critical Inuit studies: An anthology of contemporary Arctic studies, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press: 89-101.
- STAKE, Robert E., 2005 Case studies, in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (eds), The Sage handbook of qualitative research, third edition, Thousand Oaks, Sage: 443-466.
- TARGÉ, Anne-Pascale, 2008 Perspectives inuit sur les savoirs oraux, in Pascal Visart de Bocarmé and Pierre Petit (eds), Inuit Canada: Reflexive Approaches to Native Anthropological Research, New York, Peter Lang: 151-166.
- TESTER, Frank J. and Peter K. KULCHYSKI, 1994 Tammarniit (mistakes): Inuit relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- TOMPKINS, Joanne A., 2006 Critical and shared: Conceptions of Inuit educational leadership, Ed.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto.
- WILLIAMS, Lorna and Michele TANAKA, 2007 Schalay’nung Sxwey’ga: Emerging cross-cultural pedagogy in the academy, Educational Insights, 11(3): 1-19.