Abstracts
Abstract
Driftwood and shrubs are the primary wood resources available in most areas of coastal Nunavik. Today, they are mainly used as fuel for campfires, but historically they were very important for the ancestors of present-day Inuit. This article documents Inuit traditional knowledge about the origin, availability, gathering, and exploitation of wood resources in this region located in the Low Arctic and the Subarctic. Interviews were conducted with 27 Inuit between 60 and 89 years of age in the villages of Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak, and Umiujaq on the east coast of Hudson Bay. Our data reveal, among other things, that Inuktitut names for pieces of driftwood were based on shape, aspect, colour, and texture. This traditional knowledge was very accurate and highly diverse in the southern villages because of their significant exposure to driftwood. Wood from shrubs (i.e. willows, birches, and alders) was mainly harvested in the fall and used to make fires, mattresses, sleeping mats (alliat), and other objects. According to the participants, driftwood originates in southern Hudson Bay and James Bay and is washed up on the beaches in late summer and the fall. In the far north of Nunavik, where driftwood is small and slender, Inuit used to collect it during the summer from a boat (umiaq or qajaq). Further south, it was gathered during the winter by dogsled.
Résumé
Le bois flotté et les arbustes sont les principales ressources en bois présentes dans la plupart des régions côtières du Nunavik. Aujourd’hui, ces matières premières sont utilisées pour le feu dans les campements mais dans le passé, elles tenaient une place importante dans la vie des ancêtres des Inuit. Cet article documente le savoir traditionnel inuit concernant l’origine, la disponibilité, la collecte et l’exploitation des ressources en bois dans cette région située en Bas-Arctique et en Subarctique. Des entrevues ont été réalisées avec 27 Inuit âgés de 60 à 89 ans habitant à Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak et Umiujaq, des villages de la côte est de la baie d’Hudson. Nos données révèlent que, entre autres, les noms en inuktitut des pièces de bois flottés leur étaient donnés en fonction de leur forme, leur aspect, leur couleur et leur texture. Les savoirs traditionnels sont plus précis et diversifiés dans les villages les plus au sud car le bois flotté y est plus abondant. Le bois d’arbustes (saules, bouleaux et aulnes) était principalement coupé en automne pour faire du feu, des matelas, des tapis (alliat) ou d’autres objets. Selon les participants, le bois flotté proviendrait du sud de la baie d’Hudson et de la baie James, et s’échouerait sur les plages à la fin de l’été ou en automne. À l’extrême nord du Nunavik, où le bois flotté est petit et grêle, les Inuit le collectaient durant l’été par bateau (umiaq ou qajaq) alors que plus au sud, c’était en hiver, en utilisant des traîneaux à chiens.
Appendices
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