La recherche nordique s’est totalement transformée au cours des 20 dernières années, principalement en raison du changement intervenu dans les relations avec les peuples autochtones. Ainsi, au Canada, il est dorénavant impossible pour les chercheurs d’entreprendre des projets de recherche sans convenir de consultations, d’autorisations et de collaborations avec les communautés concernées. Ce sont les demandes des peuples autochtones du monde entier qui sont à l’origine de ces transformations, ceux-ci ayant exigé davantage d’éthique dans les méthodologies de recherche, outre la reconnaissance de leurs droits de propriété intellectuelle (Bell et Paterson 2009; Brown 1998, 2003; Greaves 1994; Nicholas et Bannister 2004). Les activistes autochtones ont déployé beaucoup d’énergie sur la scène internationale, en particulier aux Nations Unies, par l’intermédiaire du Groupe de travail sur les populations autochtones, créé en 1982. Au fil des ans, ils ont fait entendre leurs aspirations à l’autodétermination culturelle dans la Convention sur la diversité biologique de 1992, la Déclaration de Mataatua sur les droits de propriété culturelle et intellectuelle des peuples autochtones de 1993 et la récente Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones de 2007, résultat de 25 années de négociations (Nations Unies 1992, 1993, 2007). Par exemple, l’Article 31 de la Déclaration stipule que les peuples autochtones ont «le droit de préserver, de contrôler, de protéger et de développer leur propriété intellectuelle collective de [leur] patrimoine culturel, de [leur] savoir traditionnel et de [leurs] expressions culturelles traditionnelles» (Nations Unies 2007: 12). Cette stipulation implique également des perspectives différentes en matière d’éthique et de propriété. Contrairement aux sociétés occidentales, les peuples autochtones considèrent que la propriété de leur patrimoine culturel, matériel ou immatériel, est collective et non individuelle (Bell et Napoleon 2008; Brown 1998; Coombe 1998). Ainsi que l’exprimait Smith (1999: 118): «Les groupes autochtones soutiennent que les définitions juridiques de l’éthique renferment la conception occidentale de l’individu et de la propriété individualisée – par exemple, le droit d’un individu de transmettre ses savoirs, ou le droit de donner un consentement éclairé. […] Dans ce domaine, on ne reconnaît pas et on ne respecte pas en général les droits ou les conceptions des communautés et des Autochtones». Malgré l’attitude favorable de divers chercheurs, en particulier ceux en anthropologie et en droit, Coombe (2009: 247) a remarqué que «l’idée d’étendre une ‘protection’ au contenu culturel traditionnel a suscité de très vives controverses et plusieurs s’y opposent encore, considérant que de tels efforts constituent des atteintes pernicieuses à la liberté d’expression». En effet, comme l’a signalé Brown (1998: 205), l’affirmation voulant que les peuples autochtones «méritent un régime de propriété intellectuelle qui leur soit exclusif doit être soupesée quant aux effets nuisibles qu’exercent des droits spéciaux sur les notions d’équité qui prévalent». Il insistait également sur le fait que dans une démocratie pluraliste, «les groupes vivant ensemble doivent pouvoir parler librement de l’histoire et de la culture des uns et des autres» (Brown 2003: 224). Quand les peuples autochtones ont-ils commencé à exiger la protection de leurs droits de propriété intellectuelle et une meilleure éthique de la recherche? Cela remonte à l’époque de la décolonisation et aux différents mouvements de droits civiques des années 1960 qui s’élevaient contre les systèmes politiques, économiques et éducatifs en place. Cette atmosphère de contestation a incité les peuples autochtones à constituer des associations afin de défendre leurs droits et de se libérer des politiques oppressives qui leur avaient été imposées durant des siècles. Pour les peuples autochtones d’Amérique du Nord, les deux décennies suivantes ont mené aux premiers accords de revendications territoriales qui allaient leur conférer davantage d’autonomie économique et politique (p. ex., l’Alaska Native Claims Settlement …
Appendices
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