Abstracts
Abstract
Relationships between human beings and whales vary temporally and spatially. The Inupiat in northwest Alaska have historically formed a social relationship with bowhead whales, which they hunt for their subsistence. Whaling still occupies a core position in the lives of the majority of the coastal Inupiat and is related to their other activities although their culture has diversified and changed. Using actor-network theory from a political economy perspective, this paper describes several interrelated internal and external factors (actors) that threaten the continuation of whaling. The author concludes that whaling is directly linked to the cultural security of the Inupiat.
Résumé
Les relations entre les êtres humains et les baleines varient temporellement et spatialement. Les Inupiat du nord-ouest de l’Alaska ont créé historiquement un lien social avec les baleines franches qu’ils chassent pour leur subsistance. La chasse à la baleine est encore au coeur de la vie de la majorité des Inupiat côtiers et elle est liée à leurs autres activités même si leur culture s’est diversifiée et a changé. Par le biais d’une perspective politico-économique de la théorie de l’acteur-réseau, cet article décrit plusieurs facteurs (acteurs) internes et externes interreliés qui menacent le maintien de la chasse à la baleine. L’auteur conclut que la question de la chasse est directement liée à la sécurité culturelle des Inupiat.
Appendices
References
- ACIA (ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT), 2004 Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- ALTER, S.E., M.P. SIMMONDS and J.R. BRANDON, 2009 The Tertiary Threat: Human-mediated Impacts of Climate Change, The International Whaling Commission, Scientific Committee, IWC/SC61/E8.
- BLOK, Anders, 2007 Actor-networking Ceta-sociality, or, What Is Sociological about Contemporary Whales?, Distinktion, 15: 67-91.
- BOCKSTOCE, J.R., D.B. BOTKIN, A. PHILP, B.W. COLLINS and J.C. GEORGE, 2005 The Geographic Distribution of Bowhead Whales, Balaena mysticetus in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas: Evidence from Whaling Records, 1849-1914, Marine Fisheries Review, 67(3): 1-43.
- BODENHORN, Barbara, 1990 I’m Not the Great Hunter, My Wife Is: Inupiat and Anthropological Models of Gender, Études/Inuit/Studies, 14(1-2): 55-74.
- BODENHORN, Barbara, 2000 It’s Good to Know Who Your Relatives Are but We Were Taught to Share with Everybody: Shares and Sharing among Inupiaq Households, in George W. Wenzel, Grete Hovelsrud-Broda, and Nobuhiro Kishigami (eds), The Social Economy of Sharing: Resource Allocation and Modern Hunter-Gatherers, Osaka, National Museum of Ethnology Senri Ethnological Studies, 53: 7-60.
- BODENHORN, Barbara, 2000/01 It’s Traditional to Change: A Case Study of Strategic Decision-Making, Cambridge Anthropology, 22(1): 24-51.
- BRAUND, Stephen R. and Elisabeth L. MOOREHEAD, 1995 Contemporary Alaska Eskimo Bowhead Whaling Villages, In McCartney, Allen P. (ed.), Hunting the Largest Animals: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic and Subarctic, Edmonton, University of Alberta, The Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Studies in Whaling, 3: 315-337.
- BREWSTER, Karen, 2004 The Whales, They Give Themselves: Conversation with Harry Brower, Sr., Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press.
- BRINHAM, L. and B. ELLIS, 2004 Arctic Marine Transport Workshop, Anchorage, Institute of the North.
- BURCH, Ernest S., Jr., 1975 Eskimo Kinsmen: Changing Family Relationships in Northwest Alaska, St. Paul, West Publishing Co.
- BURCH, Ernest S., Jr., 1998 The Inupiaq Eskimo Nations of Northwest Alaska, Fairbanks, University of Alaska.
- BURCH, Ernest S., Jr., 2005 Alliance and Conflict: The World System of the Inupiaq Eskimos, Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press.
- BURCH, Ernest S., Jr., 2006 Social Life in Northwest Alaska: The Structure of Inupiaq Eskimo Nations, Fairbanks, University of Alaska.
- CHANCE, Norman A., 1990 The Inupiat and Arctic Alaska, Fort Worth, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- DONOVAN, G.P., 1982 The International Whaling Commission and Aboriginal/Subsistence Whaling: April 1979 to July 1981, Cambridge, International Whaling Commission, Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue, 4: 79-86.
- FREEMAN, Milton M.R., 1989 The Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission: Successful Co-Management under Extreme Condition, in Evelyn Pinkerton (ed.), Co-Operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press: 137-153.
- FREEMAN, Milton M.R. and Lee FOOTE (eds), 2009 Inuit, Polar Bears, and Sustainable Use: Local, National and International Perspectives, Edmonton, Canadian Circumpolar Institute Press.
- FREEMAN, Milton M.R. et al., 1998 Inuit, Whaling, and Sustainability, Walnut, London and New Delhi, Altamira Press.
- GAMBELL, R., 1982 The Bowhead Whale Problem and the International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, International Whaling Commission, Reports of the International whaling Commission, Special Issue, 4: 1-6.
- GEORGE, John C., S. BRAUND, H. BROWER Jr., C. NICOLSON and T.M. O’HARA, 2003 Some Observations on the Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Success of Hunting Bowhead Whales off Barrow, Alaska, in Allen P. McCartney (ed.), Indigenous Ways to the Present: Native Whaling in the Western Arctic, Edmonton, Canadian Circumpolar Institute Press and Salt Lake City, The University of Utah Press: 255-275.
- HOVELSRUD, Grete K., Meghan MCKENNA and Henry P. HUNTINGTON, 2008 Marine Mammal Harvest and Other Interactions with Humans, Ecological Applications, 18(2) Supplement: 135-147.
- HUNTINGTON, Henry P., 1992 Wildlife Management and Subsistence Hunting in Alaska, London, Belhaven Press.
- HUNTINGTON, Henry P., 2009 A Preliminary Assessment of Threats to Arctic Marine Mammals and Their Conservation in the Coming Decades, Marine Policy, 33: 77-82.
- HUNTINGTON, Henry P. et al., 2007 The Influence of Human Activity in the Arctic on Climate and Climate Impacts, Climate Change, 82: 77-92.
- IWASAKI-GOODMAN, Masami, 2005 Where Culture Crosses Environment’s Path – On Whales and Whaling (in Japanese), Tokyo, Shimizukobundo.
- IWC (INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION), 2003 Chair’s Report of the 54th Annual Meeting, in Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission 2002, Cambridge, International Whaling Commission: 1-115.
- JENSEN, Øsytein, 2008 Arctic Shipping Guidelines: Towards a Legal Regime for Navigation Safety and Environmental Protection?, Polar Record, 44(229): 107-114.
- KISHIGAMI, Nobuhiro, 2009 A Preliminary Consideration of Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling from the Perspective of Cultural Security: A Case from Northwest Alaska, USA” (in Japanese), Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology , 33(4): 493-550.
- KRUPNIK, Igor and Dyanna JOLLY (eds), 2002 The Earth Is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of the Arctic Environmental Change, Fairbanks, Arctic Research Consortium of the United States.
- LAIDRE, Kristin L. et al., 2008 Quantifying the Sensitivity of Arctic Marine Mammals to Climate-Induced Habitat Change, Ecological Applications, 18(2) Supplement: 97-125.
- LATOUR, Bruno, 2007 Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- LEAPER, Russell and Greg DONOVAN, 2009 Update on the IWC Ship Strike Database, Cambridge, International Whaling Commission, Scientific Committee, SC/61/BC9.
- McRAE, D.M., 1986 Management of Arctic Marine Transportation: A Canadian Perspective, Arctic, 39(4): 350-359.
- MILLER, G.W. et al., 2005 Monitoring Seismic Effects on Marine Mammals – Southeastern Beaufort Sea, 2001-2002, in S.L. Armsworthy, P.J. Cranford and K. Lee (eds), Offshore Oil and Gas Environmental Effects Monitoring: Approaches and Technologies, Columbus, Battelle Press: 511-542.
- MOORE, Sue E. and Henry P. HUNTINGTON, 2008 Arctic Marine Mammals and Climate Change: Impacts and Resilience, Ecological Applications, 18(2) Supplement: 157-165.
- NIELSEN, Jørn Berlung, 2008 Inupiat Whaling and Oil Industry in North Alaska, Folk, 30: 57-71.
- NRC (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL), 2003 Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska’s North Slope, Washington, The National Academies Press.
- NSB (NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH), 1994 North Slope Borough 1993/1994 Economic profile and Census Report, volume 2, Barrow, North Slope Borough, Department of Planning and Community Services.
- NSB (NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH), 2004 North Slope Borough 2003 Economic Profile and Census Report, volume 9, Barrow, North Slope Borough, Department of Planning and Community Services.
- OCEANS NORTH U.S., 2010 U.S. Oil and Gas Activities (online at: http://www.oceansnorth.org/us-oil-gas-activities).
- OHMAGARI, Kayo, 2005 Whaling Conflicts: The International Debate, in Nobuhiro Kishigami and James M. Savelle (eds), Indigenous Use and Management of Marine Resources, Osaka, National Museum of Ethnology, Senri Ethnological Studies, 67: 145-178.
- PALMER, Andrew C., 2009 Under What Conditions Can Oil and Gas Developments in the Arctic Be Acceptable, and to Whom? Polar Record, 45(233): 113-117.
- PAME (PROTECTION OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT), 2009a Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, Arctic Council.
- PAME (PROTECTION OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT), 2009b Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Guidelines, Arctic Council.
- REYNOLDS III, J. E. et al., 2006 Human Health Implications of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Blubber of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), Arctic, 59(2): 155-164.
- RITTER, Fabian, 2009 Collisions of Sailing Vessels with Cetaceans Worldwide: First Insight into a Seemingly Growing Problem, Cambridge, International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee, SC/61/BC1.
- ROSEN, Yerth, 2010 Shell Offshore Oil Drill Plan in Alaska Challenged, Reuters, January 20 (http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USN2017961320100120).
- SHEEHAN, Glenn, 1997 In the Belly of the Whale: Trade and War in Eskimo Society, Anchorage, Alaska Anthropological Association.
- SMITH, Cameron M., 2008 Of Ice and Men, Cultural Survival Quarterly, 32(2): 16-10.
- SPENCER, Robert F., 1976[1959]The North Alaskan Eskimo: A Study in Ecology and Society, New York, Dover Publications.
- STEWART, Emma J. and Dianne DRAPER, 2006 Sustainable Cruise Tourism in Arctic Canada: An Integrated Coastal Management Approach, Tourism in Marine, 3(2): 77-88.
- STEWART, E.J., S.E.L. HOWELL, D. DRAPPER, J. YACKEL and A. TIVY, 2007 Sea Ice in Canada’s Arctic: Implications for Cruise Tourism, Arctic, 60(4): 370-380.
- TURNER, Edith, 1990 The Whale Decides: Eskimo’s and Ethnographer’s Shared Consciousness on the Ice, Études/Inuit/Studies, 14(1-2): 39-52.
- U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, 2000 Alaska 2000: Population and Housing Unit Counts (online at: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-3.pdf).
- VICTOR, Anne-Marie, 1987 Éléments symboliques de la chasse à la baleine, Études/Inuit/Studies, 11(2): 139-164.
- WESTERMEYER, William E. and Vinod GOYAL, 1986 Jurisdiction and Management of Arctic Marine Transportation, Arctic, 39(4): 338-349.
- WORL, Rosita, 1980 The North Slope Inupiat Whaling Complex, in Yoshinobu Kotani and William B. Workman (eds), Alaska Native Culture and History, Osaka, National Museum of Ethnology, Senri Ethnological Studies, 4: 305-320.
- WORL, Rosita and Charles W. SMYTHE, 1986 Barrow: A Decade of Modernization, The Barrow Case Study, prepared for Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program, Technical Paper, 125.
- WÜRSIG, B. and G.A. GAILEY, 2002 Marine Mammals and Aquaculture: Conflicts and Potential Resolutions, in R. R. Stickney and J.P. McVay (eds), Responsible Marine Aquaculture, New York, CAP International Press: 45-59.