Abstracts
Abstract
Mauss (1906) suggested that, as a principle of Inuit society, the seasonal societal dichotomy takes shape in movements of population concentration and dispersal into small family groups following the annual migration of game. He argued that these movements and the various social modes thus created inseparably connect temporal, spatial, social, moral, legal, and spiritual dimensions in the construction of Inuit nomadic society. In the mid 20th century, the mass and density of Inuit settlement population changed drastically. Inuit groups moved to permanent settlements that were developed and structurally based on Western models of sedentary community life. Under these changed social and physical conditions, does movement and seasonal variations in group composition, and in ways of life, continue to be a central component of Inuit society? Ethnographic evidence from Qikiqtarjuaq (Nunavut) suggests that Inuit integrate modern ways of life into a nomadic lifestyle thus creating, in analogy to Mauss’s model, a continuation of variation in lifestyles and values depending on contexts. This article aims to substantiate and elaborate on this claim of continuity. It makes use of Mauss’s model as a heuristic lens for studying social change in respect to the association of practices and perceptions of seasonal movement in present day Inuit society; thus asking the question: are seasonally varying social modes and associated values part of today’s Inuit community constitution?
Résumé
Mauss (1906) a suggéré qu’un des principes de la société inuit veuille que la dichotomie sociale saisonnière se traduise par des mouvements de la population, d’après la migration annuelle du gibier, soit par la concentration ou par la dispersion en petits groupes familiaux. Il supposait que ces mouvements et les différents modes sociaux ainsi créés sont indissociables quelles que soient les dimensions temporelles, spatiales, sociales, morales, légales et spirituelles dans la construction de la société nomade inuit. Au milieu du 20e siècle, la distribution de la population inuit a radicalement changé. Les groupes inuit se sont établis de façon permanente suivant le mode de vie sédentaire occidental. Est-ce que dans ces conditions sociales et physiques, le mouvement et les variations saisonnières de la composition en groupe, ainsi que les modes de vie, restent l’élement clef de la société inuit? Les données ethnographiques de Qikiqtarjuaq suggèrent que les Inuit intègrent des façons de vivre modernes à un style de vie nomade créant, comme dans le modèle de Mauss, une continuation de la variation des modes de vie et des valeurs selon les contextes. Cet article vise à justifier et élaborer l’affirmation de la continuité. Il se sert du modèle de Mauss comme moyen heuristique pour étudier le changement social concernant l’association des pratiques et des perceptions du mouvement saisonnier dans la société inuit de nos jours. Ainsi, est-ce que les modes sociaux et les valeurs associées varient saisonnièrement dans la construction de la communauté inuit aujourd’hui?
Appendices
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