Abstracts
Abstract
Through their use of amplification, stand-up comedians are able to engage an audience at a natural register, employing the modes of everyday, interpersonal, conversational speech, avoiding for the most part the distancing required for most forms of cultural performance. By maintaining control of this conversation, they are able paradoxically to give control away, wresting it back when required, thus creating the illusion of intimacy, exchange, and reciprocity between themselves and the audience. This article provides the beginnings of a framework for understanding stand-up comedy and its relationship to folkloric genres by placing intimacy, not humour, as the primary consideration.
Résumé
En se servant de l’amplification, les monologuistes humoristiques réussissent à créer une réaction naturelle de la part du public, en employant les modes du discours quotidien, interpersonnel, celui de la conversation, évitant ainsi dans la majeure partie des cas la distanciation requise par la plupart des formes de représentation culturelle. En maintenant le contrôle de cette conversation, ils peuvent paradoxalement l’abandonner et le reprendre quand il le faut, créant ainsi l’illusion d’un rapport d’intimité, d’échange et de réciprocité entre le public et eux-mêmes. Cet article pose les premiers jalons d’un cadre permettant de comprendre le monologue humoristique dans la relation qu’il entretient avec les genres folkloristiques en considérant en premier lieu l’intimité et non l’humour.
Appendices
References
- Augestad, Kate. 2004. “Music Technology and Vocal Performance.” Paper presented at New Media Conference: New Media as Culture Techniques and as Fora for Communicative Action. Bergen, Norway, 28 May. Available at Kulturteknikker. http://www.kulturteknikker.hivolda.nodefault.asp?kat=655&id=2440&sp=1. Accessed 4 February 2008.
- Bakhtin, M.M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Michael Holquist, ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Bascom, William. 1954. “Four Functions of Folklore.” Journal of American Folklore 67(266): 333-349.
- ———. 1965. “The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives.” Journal of American Folklore 78 (307): 3-19.
- Bergson, Henri. 1900. Le Rire: Essai sur la signification du comique. Paris: Alcan.
- Bruce, Lenny. 1992 [1966]. The Lenny Bruce Performance Film. Dir. John Magnusson. VHS and CD. Rhino Home Video.
- Bryant, Jerry H. 2003. “Born in a Mighty Bad Land”: The Violent Man in African-American Folklore and Fiction. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Butler, Gary. 1991. Saying Isn’t Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in a French-Newfoundland Community. St. John’s: Institute of Social and Economic Research. (Publications of the American Folklore Society [PAFS], New Series.)
- Carlin, George. 1997. George Carlin: 40 Years of Comedy. Cable television recording. HBO.
- Cole, Sally. 2005. “Canadians keeping their sense of humour.” The Guardian (Charlottetown), 11 November: C1.
- Dargan, Amanda and Steven Zeitlin. 1983. “American Talkers: Expressive Styles and Occupational Choice.” Journal of American Folklore 96(379): 3-33.
- Davies, Christie. 1990. Ethnic Humor Around the World: A Comparative Analysis. Indianapolis and Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- DeGeneres, Ellen. 1995. My Point… And I Do Have One. New York: Bantam.
- ———. 1996 [1994]. Taste This. CD. Atlantic.
- ———. 2000. Ellen DeGeneres: The Beginning. Cable television recording. HBO.
- Dégh, Linda. 2001. Legend and Belief: Dialectics of a Folklore Genre. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Dundes, Alan. 1964. “Texture, Text, and Context.” Southern Folklore Quarterly 28(4): 251-265.
- Ellis, Bill. 2001. Aliens, Ghosts and Cults: Legends We Live. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.
- Freud, Sigmund. 1976 [1905]. Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious. Trans. James Strachey. Penguin Freud Library 6. London: Penguin.
- Frith, Simon. 1996. Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Fulton, DoVeanna S. 2004. “Comic Views and Metaphysical Dilemmas: Shattering Cultural Images Through Self-Definition and Representation by Black Comediennes.” Journal of American Folklore 117(463): 81-96.
- Georges, Robert A. 1969. “Toward an Understanding of Storytelling Events.” Journal of American Folklore 82(326): 313-328.
- Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City: Anchor Books.
- Harvey, Steve. 2001 [1997]. One Man. Dir. Chuck Vinson. DVD. UrbanWorks Entertainment.
- Henken, Elissa. 2006. “Genre Selection: Legend or Joke.” Paper presented at the Annual General Meeting of the American Folklore Society, Milwaukee WI.
- James, Ron. 2003. The Road Between My Ears. Prod. Harold Rosen. DVD. Morningstar Entertainment/CBC Home Video.
- Koziski, Stephanie. 1984. “The Standup Comedian as Anthropologist: Intentional Culture Critic.” Journal of Popular Culture 18(2): 57-76.
- Lahr, John. 2000 [1998]. “Eddie Izzard: The Izzard King.” In Show and Tell: New Yorker Profiles: 171-182. Woodstock and New York: Overlook Press.
- Lawrence, Martin. 2002. Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat. Concert film. MTV Films.
- Limon, John. 2000. Stand-Up Comedy in Theory, or, Abjection in America. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
- Lockheart, Paula. 2003. “A History of Early Microphone Singing, 1925–1939: American Mainstream Popular Singing at the Advent of Electronic Microphone Amplification.” Popular Music and Society 26(3): 367-385.
- Lonergan, Bernard. 1957. Insight. London: Darton Longman and Todd.
- McCracken, Allison. 1999. “‘God’s Gift to Us Girls’: Crooning, Gender, and the Re-Creation of American Popular Song, 1928-1933.” American Music 17(4): 365-395.
- Mintz, Lawrence E. 1998. “Stand-up Comedy as Social and Cultural Mediation.” In Nancy A. Walker ed., What’s So Funny?: Humor in American Culture: 193-204. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.
- Murphy, Eddie. 1983. Delirious. Cable television recording. HBO.
- Narváez, Peter. 1984. “Folksong.” In Joseph R. Smallwood ed., Encyclopedia of Newfoundland. Vol. 2: 249-52. St. John’s: Newfoundland Book Publishers.
- ———. 1986. “Joseph R. Smallwood, ‘The Barrelman’: The Broadcaster as Folklorist.” [1983] In Narváez and Martin Laba eds., Media Sense: The Folklore-Popular Culture Continuum:47-64. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
- ———. 1995. “Newfoundland Vernacular Song.” In Will Straw, Stacey Johnson, Rebecca Sullivan and Paul Friedlander eds., Popular Music: Style and Identity: 215-19. Montréal, Québec: The Centre for Research on Canadian Cultural Industries and Institutions.
- ———. 2001. “Unplugged: Blues Guitarists and the Myth of Acousticity.” In Andy Bennett and Kevin Dawe eds., Guitar Cultures: 27-44. Oxford: Berg.
- ——— ed. 2003. Of Corpse: Death and Humor in Folklore and Popular Culture. Logan: Utah State University Press.
- ——— and Martin Laba. 1986. “The Folklore-Popular Culture Continuum.” Introduction. In Narváez and Martin Laba eds., Media Sense: The Folklore-Popular Culture Continuum: 1-8. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
- O’Meally, Robert. 1991. Lady Day: The Many Faces of Billie Holiday. New York: Arcade.
- Oring, Elliott. 1992. Jokes and Their Relations. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Pedersen, Stephen. 2001. “James Serious About Stand-up: Comedian Brings New Show to N.S.” The Chronicle-Herald (Halifax), 6 November: B15.
- Price, Darby Li Po. 1998. “Laughing without Reservation: Indian Standup Comedians.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 22(4): 255-71.
- Pryor, Richard. 1982. Richard Pryor Live on the Sunset Strip. Concert film. Columbia Pictures.
- Rock, Chris. 1994. “Big Ass Jokes.” HBO Comedy Half Hour. Cable television recording. HBO.
- ———. 1997. Rock This! New York: Diane.
- Rosenberg, Neil V. 1986. “Big Fish, Small Pond. Country Musicians and Their Markets.” In Narváez and Martin Laba eds., Media Sense: The Folklore-Popular Culture Continuum: 149-166. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
- Rutter, Jason. 2000. “The Stand-up Introduction Sequence: Comparing Comedy Compères.” Journal of Pragmatics 32: 463-483.
- Shuker, Roy. 2001. Understanding Popular Music. London and New York: Routledge.
- Small, Leslie, dir. 2002. Cedric the Entertainer’s Starting Line Up. DVD. UrbanWorks Entertainment.
- Stone, Kay. 1997. “Social Identity in Organized Storytelling.” Western Folklore 56(3/4): 233-241.
- Szwed, John. 2002. So What: The Life of Miles Davis. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Thomas, Jeannie B. 1997. “Dumb Blondes, Dan Quayle, and Hillary Clinton: Gender, Sexuality, and Stupidity in Jokes.” Journal of American Folklore 110(437): 277-313.
- Wong, Deborah. 1994. “‘I Want the Microphone’: Mass Mediation and Agency in Asian-American Popular Music.” TDR 38.3: 152-167.
- Wright, Steven D. 1999. “Ben Elton.” Best of British. Television program. BBC.
- Zolten, J. Jerome. 1993. “Black Comedians: Forging an Ethnic Image.” Journal of American Culture 16(2): 65-75.