Abstracts
Abstract
This article discusses the performance of Punjabi folk dances bhangra and giddha in some Canadian contexts. After introducing a notion of Punjabi identity, the article provides a brief description of these dance forms, their agrarian origins and their gendered natures, as well as of the types of events at which these dances are performed among Canadian Punjabis, and specifically, Jat Sikhs. I argue that not only do these dances express and maintain Punjabi identity in diasporic contexts, but that these identities refer to a Jat “rural imaginary” that is actively constructed through dance and music in response to the displacement of urban and transnational migration. This rural imaginary is usurped by bhangra’s increasing Westernization and popularity in the non-Jat South Asian diaspora, thus raising challenges to Jat centrality, meaning, and identity.
Résumé
Cet article traite des représentations de danses folkloriques du Punjabi : la bhangra et la giddha dans différents contextes canadiens. Après avoir introduit la notion d’identité punjabi, cet article offre une brève description des formes que revêtent ces danses, de leurs origines agraires et de leurs natures sexuées, ainsi que du type d’événements au cours desquels ces genres de danses sont performés chez les Punjabis canadiens, et plus spécifiquement les Jat Sikhs. Je défends l’idée que non seulement ces danses expriment et entretiennent l’identité punjabi dans des contextes diasporiques, mais également que ces identités font référence à un « imaginaire rural » jat qui se construit activement au travers de la danse et de la musique en réponse au phénomène de migration urbaine et transnationale. Cet imaginaire rural est usurpé par l’occidentalisation grandissante et la popularité croissante de la bhang dans la diaspora non jat du sud de l’Asie, ce qui remet en question le rôle crucial, le sens et l’identité jat.
Appendices
References
- Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- ———. 1999. “Dead Certainty: Ethnic violence in the Era of Globalization”. In Gloalization and Identity: Dialectics of Flow and closure, eds., Birgit Meyer and Peter Gesshire, pp. 305-324. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
- Armstrong, Jane. 2005. “Pop music’s new beat is the sound of Surrey”. Globe and Mail. February 15.
- Axel, Brian Keith. 2002. “The Diasporic Imaginary”. Public Culture 14(2): 411-428.
- Bahloul, Joelle. 1996. The Architecture of Memory: A Jewish-Muslim Household in Colonial Algeria, 1937-1962. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Bennett, Andrew. 1997. “Bhangra in Newcastle: Music, Ethnic Identity and the Role of Local Knowledge”. Innovations 10(1): 107-116.
- Bhabha, Homi. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Chaudhary, Vivek. 2003. “The Big Bhangra”. The Guardian. August 15.
- Clifford, James. 1994. “Diasporas”. Cultural Anthropology. 9(3): 302-338.
- Dietrich, Gregory. 2004. “Dancing the Diaspora: Indian Desi Music in Chicago”. In Thomas Turino and James Lea, eds. Identity and the Arts in Diaspora Communities: 103-116. Warren, MI: Harmonie Park Press.
- Dudrah, Rajinder K. 2002. “Drum’n’dhol: British Bhangra Music and Diasporic South Asian Identity Formation”. European Journal of Cultural Studies 5(3): 363-383.
- Fog Olwig, Karen and Kirsten Hastrup, eds. 1997. Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object. London: Routledge.
- Gera, Anjali. 2004a. “Bhangra Nation”. http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/mai/Bhangra.doc
- ———.2004b. “Punjabiyaan di shaan wakhri” www.arts.monash.edu.au/mai/EthnicReturns.doc
- ———. 2005. “Folk’s Kool Turn”. Paper given at M.B.Emeneau Centenary International Conference on South Asian Linguistics. http://www.ciil.org/announcement/MBE_programme/paper/paper9.htm
- Gopinath, Gayatri. 1995. “Bombay, U.K., Yuba City: Bhangra Music and the Engendering of Diaspora”. Diaspora 4(3): 303-322.
- Grewal, Inderpal. 1996. Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Hannerz, Ulf. 1992. Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Kalra, Virinder S. 2000. “Vilayeti Rhythms: Beyond Bhagra’s Emblematic Status to a Translation of Lyrical Texts”. Theory, Culture and Society 17(3):80-102
- Khokar, Ashish Mohan. 2003. Folk Dance: Tribal, Ritual and Martial Forms. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
- Lavie, Smadar and Ted Swedenburg, eds. 1996. Displacement, Diaspora and Geographies of Identity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Levin, Michael. 2002. “Flow and Place: Transnationalism in Four Places”. Anthropologica XLIV(1): 3-12.
- Lovell, Nadia, ed. 1998. Locality and Belonging. London: Routledge.
- Maira, Sunaina. 1998. “Desis Reprazent: Bhangra Remix and Hip Hop in New York City” Postcolonial Studies 1(3): 357-70.
- ———. 2002. Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in New York City. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Meyer, Birgit and Peter Geschiere, eds. 1999. Globalization and Identity: Dialectics of Flow and Closure. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
- Mooney, Nicola. 2003. Good Families, Good Fortunes: Ethnicity and Modernity Among an Urban Jat Sikh Middle Class. Unpublished dissertation, Toronto.
- ———. 2008. Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity among Jat Sikhs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (Forthcoming).
- Narayan, Shovana. 2004. Folk Dance Traditions of India. Gurgaon: Shubhi Publication.
- Palmer, Gary B. and William R. Jankowiak. 1996. “Performance and Imagination: Towards an Anthropology of the Spectacular and the Mundane”. Cultural Anthropology 11 (2): 225-258.
- Pande, Alka. 1999. From Mustard Fields to Disco Lights: Folk Music and Musical Instruments of Punjab. Middletown, NJ: Granta.
- Rapport, Nigel and Andrew Dawson, eds. 1998. Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement. London: Berg.
- Rushdie, Salman. 1991. Imaginary Homelands. London: Granta.
- Safran, William. 1991. “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return”. Diaspora Spring: 83-99.
- Turner, Victor. 1979. Process, Performance and Pilgrimage: A Study in Comparative Symbology. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
- Walia, Nona. 2004. “Bhangra Pop: Roll Over Salsa, Here Comes Khalsa”. Times of India. September 4.
- Warwick, Jacqueline. 2000. “Make Way for the Indian: Bhangra Music and South Asian Presence in Toronto”. Popular Music and Society 24(2): 25-44.