Abstracts
Abstract
Contemporary minzoku geinô (folk performing arts) in Japanese society is associated with the matsuri, or festival. Community members, such as workers and students, practise and perform various types of minzoku geinô in preparation for local festivals. However, a look at the history of minzoku geinô reveals that originally its practitioners were marginalized members of society, who used ecstatic expression to perform various rites such as healings, exorcisms, and blessings. Furthermore, the attitude toward ritual specialists was often negative; indeed, shamanistic practices were prohibited during the Meiji period (1868-1912). In response to social attitudes, ecstatic performers of Japan’s premodern period negotiated their expressive powers in a variety of ways in order to survive. This article introduces the reader to the typology of minzoku geinô that involves ecstatic performance presented by yamabushi, male mountain-dwelling ascetics, and miko, female shamans generally associated with Shinto shrines. Moreover, the discussion in this paper illustrates how ecstatic performance changed throughout history to the extent that it is now seldom performed by marginalized ritual specialists. Performers of contemporary minzoku geinô are accepted members of society. Furthermore, both the performers and the audience of minzoku geinô are affected by the transformative nature of ecstatic expression.
Résumé
Dans la société japonaise contemporaine, les arts populaires de la scène, minzoku geinô, sont associés au matsuri, ou festival. Des membres de différentes communautés, ouvriers ou étudiants, répètent et jouent dans des types variés de minzoku geinô en préparation pour des festivals locaux. Cependant, un regard sur l’histoire des minzoku geinô nous révèle qu’à l’origine leurs acteurs étaient des membres marginalisés de la société, qui utilisaient l’expression extatique pour présider à différents rites tels que des guérisons, des exorcismes ou des bénédictions. De plus, les attitudes envers les spécialistes de ces rites étaient souvent négatives : en fait, ces pratiques chamaniques furent prohibées durant la période Meiji (1868-1912). En réponse à ces attitudes sociales, les acteurs extatiques du Japon prémoderne ont négocié leurs pouvoirs d’expression de multiples façons pour pouvoir survivre. Cet article initie le lecteur à la typologie des minzoku geinô impliquant des performances extatiques présentées par les yamabushi, hommes pratiquant l’érémitisme et l’acétisme et les miko, femmes chamanes que l’on associe généralement au culte shintoïste. De plus, cet article argumente et illustre la manière dont la performance extatique s’est modifiée à travers l’histoire au point que de nos jours elle soit rarement réalisée par des spécialistes marginalisés des rites. Les participants aux minzoku geinô contemporains sont des membres bien acceptés de la société. Qui plus est, ce sont à la fois les acteurs et le public des minzoku geinô qui se trouvent soumis au pouvoir de transformation de l’expression extatique.
Appendices
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