Abstracts
Résumé
En 2013, à Lac-Mégantic (Québec, Canada), un déraillement de train a entrainé d’importantes pertes humaines et matérielles. Cet article dresse le portrait psychosocial de jeunes âgés de 10 à 13 ans et documente les impacts de cette catastrophe sur divers aspects de leur vie. Cette étude a été réalisée auprès de 144 élèves du troisième cycle du primaire (5e et 6e années) par l’intermédiaire d’un questionnaire autoadministré en classe dans deux écoles situées à Lac-Mégantic et dans deux autres situées dans des municipalités à proximité. Cette étude a été réalisée à la suite d’une demande formulée par les organismes du milieu constatant le peu d’informations disponibles sur l’état de santé des jeunes de la communauté de Lac-Mégantic exposés au déraillement du train. Elle démontre que, 3 ans et demi après la tragédie, l’exposition à cette catastrophe technologique a des conséquences sur l’état de santé psychologique des enfants, notamment la présence de manifestations de stress post-traumatique et un faible niveau d’estime de soi. Des proportions plus élevées de jeunes exposés que de non exposés considèrent aussi que des problèmes de stress, d’anxiété ou de comportements ont perturbé leur vie familiale et scolaire. Cet article démontre l’importance d’apporter une attention particulière aux enfants pendant et après leur exposition à une catastrophe technologique afin de limiter les effets néfastes d’un tel évènement sur leur santé à court et à plus long terme. Il s’agit d’une contribution originale étant donné que la majorité des études portant sur les conséquences des catastrophes technologiques abordent le vécu des adultes demeurant aux États-Unis ou en Europe. De plus, les études permettant de documenter les conséquences des désastres sur la santé des jeunes ont surtout été réalisées à la suite de catastrophes naturelles dans d’autres pays que le Canada.
Mots-clés :
- catastrophe technologique,
- enfants,
- santé psychologique,
- stress post-traumatique,
- résilience
Abstract
In 2013, in Lac-Mégantic (Quebec, Canada), a train derailment resulted in significant loss of life and property in this small community. The article presents the psychosocial profile of young people (10 to 13 years old) and documents the impact of the exposure to this technological disaster on various aspects of their lives. Three and a half years after the tragedy, 144 students aged 10 to 13 years, completed a self-administered questionnaire in their class in two schools located in Lac-Mégantic and in two others in nearby municipalities. This study was conducted following a request from community organizations noting the limited information available on the health status of young people in the Lac-Mégantic community exposed to the train derailment. The results of the study show that direct or indirect exposure to this train accident has negative impacts on the psychological health of children, including the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder and a low level of self-esteem. Higher proportions of exposed youth also consider that the presence of stress, anxiety, or behavioral problems has a negative impact on their family and school life. This article demonstrates the importance to pay special attention to children during and after their exposure to a technological disaster in order to limit the short and long-term negative effects of disasters on their health. This is an original contribution as the majority of studies dealing with the consequences of technological disasters address the experiences of adults living either in the United States or in Europe. In addition, studies that document the impact of disasters on young people’s health have mostly been conducted as a result of natural disasters and in countries other than Canada.
Keywords:
- technological disaster,
- children,
- psychological health,
- posttraumatic stress,
- resilience
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Bibliographie
- American Psychological Association. (2010). The road to resilience: What is resilience? Repéré à http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
- Anaut, M. (2013). La résilience. Surmonter les traumatismes. Paris: Armand Colin.
- Auger, P. L., Verger, P., Dab, W., Guerrier, P., Lachance, A., Lajoie, P., . . . Roy, L.-A. (2003). Sinistres naturels et accidents technologiques. Dans M. Gérin, P. Gosselin, S. Cordier, C. Viau, P. Quénel et É. Dewailly (dir.), Environnement et santé publique — fondements et pratiques (pp. 517–535). Québec, QC: Edisem.
- Barbarin, O. A., Melton, G. B., Banks, D. M. et Weems, C. F. (2014). Family and peer social support and their links to psychological distress among hurricane-exposed minority youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 341–352. doi: 10.1037/ort0000006
- Békaert, J., Masclet, G. et Caron, R. (2012a). Élaboration et validation de l’Inventaire des facteurs de résilience (IFR-40). Neuropsychiatrie de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, 60(3), 176–182. doi: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2011.12.005
- Békaert, J., Masclet, G. et Caron, R. (2012b). Validation de l’Inventaire des facteurs de résilience (IFR-40). Psychologie française, 57(1), 51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.psfr.2011.10.004
- Bhamra, R., Dani, S. et Burnard, K. (2011). Resilience: The concept, a literature review and future directions. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5375–5393.
- Boer, F., Smit, C., Morren, M., Roorda, J. et Yzermans, J. (2009). Impact of a technological disaster on young children: A five-year postdisaster multiinformant study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(6), 516–524. doi: 10.1002/jts.20461
- Bolin R. et Klenow D. (1982–1983). Response of the elderly to disaster: An age-stratified analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 16(4), 283–296.
- Bolin R. et Klenow D. J. (1988). Older people in disaster: A comparaison of black and white victims. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 26(1), 29–43.
- Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K. et La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49. doi: 10.1177/1529100610387086
- Briere, J. N. et Scott, C. (2014). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment (2e éd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Broberg, A. G., Dyregrov, A. et Lilled, L. (2005). The Göteborg discotheque fire: Posttraumatic stress, and school adjustment as reported by the primary victims 18 months later. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(12), 1279–1286. doi: 10.111 1/j.1469-7610.2005.01439.x
- Bromet, E. J., Havenaar, J. M. et Guey, L. T. (2011). A 25 year retrospective review of the psychological consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Clinical Oncology, 23(4), 297–305.
- Burnham, J. J., Hooper, L. M., Edwards, E. E., Tippey, J. M., McRaney, A. C., Morrison, M. A.,… Woodroof, E. K. (2008). Examining children’s fears in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7(4), 253–275. doi: 10.1080/19322880802492229
- Chung, S. et Kim, E. (2010). Physical and mental health of disaster victims: A comparative study on typhoon and oil spill disasters. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 43(5), 387–395.
- Chung M. C., Werrett J., Easthope, Y. et Farmer S. (2004). Coping with post-traumatic stress: Young, middle-aged and elderly comparisons. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 333–343.
- Chung M. C., Werrett J., Easthope, Y. et Farmer S. (2005). Differenting posttraumatic stress between elderly and younger residents. Psychiatry, 68(2), 164–173
- de Tychey, C. et Lighezzolo, J. (2004). L’évaluation de la résilience: quels critères diagnostics envisager? Perspectives Psy, 43(3), 226–233.
- Delage, M. (2014). Promouvoir la résilience: la démarche écosystémique. Thérapie familiale, 35(2), 177–192.
- Direction de santé publique du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l’Estrie – Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke. (2018). Des initiatives prometteuses pour mobiliser la communauté locale en contexte de rétablissement. Sherbrooke, QC: CIUSSS de l’Estrie — CHUS.
- Dongling, L., Hui, C., Ling, M., Wenqian, B., Zailiang, L. et Changying, C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder and its predictors among bereaved Tibetan adolescents four years after the Yushu earthquake: A cross-sectional survey in China. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(7–8), 1095–1105. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13481
- Fernando, D. M. et Hébert, B. B. (2011). Resiliency and recovery: Lessons from the Asian tsunami and hurricane Katrina. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 39(1), 2–13.
- Généreux, M. et Maltais, D. (2017). Plus de trois ans après la tragédie: comment la communauté du Granit se porte-t-elle? Vision santé publique (bulletin d’information de la Direction de santé publique de l’Estrie), 34, 1–8.
- Généreux, M., Perreault, G. et Petit, G. (2016). Portrait de la santé psychologique de la population du Granit en 2015. Vision santé publique (bulletin d’information de la Direction de santé publique de l’Estrie), 27, 1–9.
- Généreux, M., Petit, G., Roy, M., Maltais, D. et O’Sullivan, T. (2018). The “Lac-Mégantic tragedy” seen through the lens of the EnRiCH Community Resilience Framework for High-Risk Populations. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue canadienne de santé publique, 109(2), 261–267.
- Gibbs, L., Block, K., Harms, L., Macdougall, C., Baker, E., Ireton, G., . . . Waters, E. (2015). Children and young people’s wellbeing post-disaster: Safety and stability are critical. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 195–201. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.06.006
- Gilligan, R. (1997). Beyong permanence? Resilience in child placement practice and planning. Adoption and Fostering, 21(1), 12–20.
- Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B. et Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265.
- Hjemdal, O. (2007). Measuring protective factors: The development of two resilience scales in Norway. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(2), 303–321.
- Hjemdal, O., Friborg, O., Stiles, T. C., Martinussen, M. et Rosenvinge, J. H. (2006). A new scale for adolescent resilience: Grasping the central protective resources behind healthy development. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39(2), 84–96.
- Horowitz, L. M., Wilner, N. et Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218.
- IBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- Institut de la statistique du Québec. (2016). Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec – (ELDEQ 1998–2015). Guide de l’utilisateur de la banque de données du volet 2015. Québec, QC: Direction des enquêtes longitudinales et sociales, Institut de la statistique du Québec. Repéré à https://www.jesuisjeserai.stat.gouv.qc.ca/informations_chercheurs/documentation_technique/E18_Guide_utilisateur.pdf
- Kalantari, M. et Vostanis, P. (2010). Behavioural and emotional problems in Iranian children four years after parental death in an earthquake. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(2), 158–167. doi: 10.1177/0020764008101854
- Kelly, Y., Fitzgerald, A. et Dooley, B. (2017). Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) in Ireland: A multi-group analysis. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(2), e1506. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1506
- La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Joormann, J., Auslander, B. et Short, M. A. (2013). Children’s risk and resilience following a natural disaster: Genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(3), 860–867. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.024
- Lavoie, M. (2016). Ruée vers le sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick: la résilience de jeunes francophones en transition culturelle. Mémoire de maitrise inédit, Université de Moncton, NB, Canada. Repéré à https://search.proquest.com/docview/1958951208?pq-origsite=gscholar
- Lazarus, R. S. et Folkman, S. (dir.). (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
- Li, M., Xu, J., He, Y. et Wu, Z. (2012). The analysis of the resilience of adults one year after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(7), 860–870.
- Maggio, M. J. (2006). Hurricane Katrina: Resiliency, the other side of tragedy. Federal Probation, 70(3), 42–44.
- Maltais, D., Robichaud, S. et Simard, A. (2001). Désastres et sinistrés. Chicoutimi, QC: Éditions JCL.
- Maltais, D. et Simard, N. (2005). Les effets à long terme de l’exposition à une catastrophe sur la santé biopsychosociale des individus. Dans D. Maltais et M.-A. Rheault (dir.), Intervention sociale en cas de catastrophe (pp. 169–185). Québec, QC: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Morgan, C. et Bhugra, D. (2010). Principles of social psychiatry (2e éd.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Olteanu, A., Arnberger, R., Grant, R., Davis, C., Abramson, D. et Asola, J. (2011). Persistence of mental health needs among children affected by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 26(1), 3–6. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X10000099
- Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., Kronenberg, M., Brennan, A. et Hansel, T. C. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after hurricane Katrina: Predicting the need for mental health services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(2), 212–220. doi: 10.1037/a0016179
- Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., King, L. S. et Hansel, T. C. (2015). Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1347–1355. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12420
- Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A., Houston, J. et Griffin, N. (2015). Children’s disaster reactions: The influence of family and social factors. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(7), 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0597-6
- Phifer J. F., Kaniasty K. Z. et Norris F. H. (1988). The impact of natural disaster on the health of older adults: A multiwave prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,29, 65–78.
- Phifer J. F. et Norris F. H. (1989). Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: Nature, timing, duration and course. Journal of Gerontology,44, 207–217.
- Piyasil, V., Ketuman, P., Plubrukarn, R., Jotipanut, V., Tanprasert, S., Aowjinda, S. et Thaeeromanophap, S. (2007). Post traumatic stress disorder in children after tsunami disaster in Thailand: 2 years follow-up. Medical Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 90(11), 2370–2376.
- Ratrin, H. Y. (2006). Children survivors of the 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 303–307. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.039
- Rheault, M.-A. et Maltais, D. (2005). Les conséquences des catastrophes chez les enfants. Dans D. Maltais et M.-A. Rheault (dir.), Intervention sociale en cas de catastrophe (pp. 223–248). Québec, QC: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Dans J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nüchterlein et S. Weintraub (dir.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181–214). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(8), 626–631.
- Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1–12.
- Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 205–209.
- Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Di Cosimo, A., Cavicchio, A., Struglia, F., Daneluzzo, E.,… Rossi, A. (2012). A validation study of the Italian version of the READ. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(4), 479–485. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20518
- Swiss Re Institute. (2017). Catastrophes naturelles et techniques en 2016: une année de dommages tous azimuts. Repéré à https://www.swissre.com/institute/library/sigma-2017-02-fr.html
- Tang, W., Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Yan, T., Wang, L., Zhang, J. et Xu, J. (2017). Mental health problems among children and adolescents experiencing two major earthquakes in remote mountainous regions: A longitudinal study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 66–73. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.004
- Ticehurst, S., Webster, R. A., Carr, V. J. et Lewin, T. J. (1996). The psychological impact of an earthquake on the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(11), 943–951.
- Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L. et Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122–138. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
- Uttervall, M., Hultman, C. M., Ekerwald, H., Lindam, A. et Lundin, T. (2014). After the flood: Resilience among tsunami-afflicted adolescents. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68(1), 38–43.
- Vallières, E. F. et Vallerand, R. J. (1990). Traduction et validation canadienne-française de l’échelle de l’estime de soi de Rosenberg. International Journal of Psychology, 25(2), 305–316.
- Ward, M. E., Shelley, K., Kaase, K. et Pane, J. F. (2008). Hurricane Katrina: A longitudinal study of the achievement and behavior of displaced students. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 13(2–3), 297–317. doi: 10.1080/10824660802350391
- Weems, C., Taylor, L., Cannon, M., Marino, R., Romano, D., Scott, B. et Triplett, V. (2010). Post traumatic stress, context, and the lingering effects of the hurricane Katrina disaster among ethnic minority youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(1), 49–56. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9352-y