Abstracts
Résumé
Des études sur l’altérisation en période d’épidémie montrent une instrumentalisation récurrente d’éclosions de maladies pour reproduire des exclusions raciales. Inspiré par les études du nouveau racisme et appuyé sur l’outil conceptuel du « racisme limite », cet article s’attarde à la normativité argumentative de cette exclusion raciale, en analysant les logiques argumentatives de discours différentialistes et en interrogeant les discours qui sont formulés de façon « acceptable » en tant qu’outils (potentiels) d’exclusion raciale. Nous avons analysé des discours pancanadiens mis en circulation dans des articles de médias (n = 2437), des publications d’autorités sanitaires (n = 533) et des commentaires publiés par des internautes (n = 3441) lors d’éclosions internationales de tuberculose, d’H1N1, d’Ebola et du Zika. Par une analyse rhétorique des cadres, nos résultats montrent que l’exclusion raciale s’opère par trois axes de catégorisation (le risque sanitaire posé par l’appartenance nationale, les attributs et le rapport épistémique), les deux premiers étant objets de critiques et de désapprobation sociale, et le dernier servant d’argument principal pour justifier une exclusion raciale. Nous problématisons cet usage discursif comme l’articulation d’un racisme limite commode dans une atmosphère rhétorique de « crainte de post-vérité ».
Mots-clés :
- Épidémie,
- blâme,
- héroïsation,
- nouveau racisme,
- post-vérité
Abstract
Studies on othering in times of epidemics show a recurrent appropriation of disease outbreaks to reproduce racial exclusions. Inspired by new racism studies and relying on the conceptual tool of “borderline racism,” this article focuses on the argumentative normativity of this racial exclusion, by analyzing the argumentative logics of differentialist discourses, and by questioning those formulated in a seemingly “acceptable” manner as (potential) tools of racial exclusion. We analyzed pan-Canadian discourses circulated in media articles (n = 2437), publications by health authorities (n = 533) and comments posted by Internet users (n = 3441) during international outbreaks of tuberculosis, H1N1, Ebola and Zika. Through a rhetorical frame analysis, our results show that racial exclusion operates through three axes of categorization (the health risk posed by differing nationality, attributes, and epistemic standpoints), the first two being objects of criticism and social disapproval, and the latter serving as the main argument to justify racial exclusion. We problematize this discursive use as the articulation of a convenient borderline racism in a rhetorical atmosphere of “fear of post-truth.”
Keywords:
- Epidemic,
- blame,
- heroization,
- new racism,
- post-truth
Appendices
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