Abstracts
Résumé
Encore à ce jour, la douance intellectuelle est sujette à débat parmi le personnel clinique et de recherche d’une diversité de champs d’expertise. Sa conceptualisation et sa mesure ne font pas l’unanimité, engendrant des limites importantes dans la production de connaissances scientifiques entourant les populations douées. Si nous savons que des aptitudes cognitives faibles constituent un facteur de risque pour le développement d’un trouble de l’usage de substances (TUS), les liens entre la douance intellectuelle et la consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) demeurent méconnus. Représentant jusqu’à 2 % de la population générale, les personnes douées intellectuellement présentent typiquement de grandes capacités métacognitives ainsi que des niveaux de créativité et d’engagement hors du commun. Certaines personnes douées présentent une condition combinée communément appelée « double exceptionnalité » (2e) (ex. : difficultés d’apprentissage, difficultés attentionnelles, autisme, problèmes de santé mentale). Ce profil neurocognitif confronte davantage les personnes douées à la possibilité de subir des expériences de stress minoritaire découlant de la neuronormativité présente au sein de la société. Cet article présente les résultats d’une revue de la portée ayant été menée en fonction des lignes directrices du PRISMA 2020 afin de connaître l’état des connaissances entourant la consommation de SPA chez les personnes douées et 2e. Parmi les 25 études retenues, bien qu’il s’avère impossible de statuer si la consommation de SPA diffère chez les personnes douées intellectuellement par rapport à la population générale, le développement d’un TUS apparaît possiblement moins fréquent et plus tardif chez ces dernières. D’importantes limites doivent toutefois être considérées entourant la conceptualisation et l’évaluation de la douance, de même que la consommation de SPA. Devant le stress minoritaire que les populations neurodivergentes peuvent rencontrer, une posture critique et neuroaffirmative pour intervenir en dépendances auprès des personnes douées et 2e apparaît nécessaire.
Mots-clés :
- douance intellectuelle,
- double exceptionnalité,
- usage de substances,
- trouble de l’usage de substances,
- neurodivergence,
- stress minoritaire
Abstract
To this day, intellectual giftedness remains a subject of debate among clinicians and researchers in a variety of fields. Its conceptualization and measurement are not unanimously accepted, resulting in significant limitations in the production of scientific knowledge surrounding gifted populations. While we know that low cognitive ability is a risk factor for the development of a substance use disorder (SUD), the links between intellectual giftedness and the use of psychoactive substances (PAS) remain poorly understood. Representing up to 2% of the general population, gifted people typically display high levels of metacognitive ability, creativity and commitment. Some gifted people present a combined condition commonly referred to as “double exceptionality” (2e) (e.g. learning difficulties, attentional difficulties, autism, mental health problems). This neurocognitive profile puts gifted people at greater risk of experiencing minority stress resulting from the neuronormativity present in society. This article presents the results of a scoping review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines in order to determine the state of knowledge surrounding APS use in gifted and 2e individuals. Of the 25 studies selected, although it is impossible to say whether APS use differs in the intellectually gifted compared with the general population, the development of SUD may be less frequent and delayed in the latter. However, there are important limitations to the conceptualization and assessment of giftedness, as well as the use of APS. In view of the minority stress that neurodivergent populations may encounter, a critical and neuroaffirmative posture for intervening in addiction with gifted and 2e people appears necessary.
Keywords:
- intellectual giftedness,
- twice-exceptionality,
- substance use,
- substance use disorder,
- neurodiversity,
- minority stress
Resumen
Aún hoy la alta capacidad intelectual es materia de debate entre el personal clínico y de investigación de una variedad de campos de especialización. Su conceptualización y su medida no despiertan unanimidad, ya que engendran límites importantes en la producción de conocimientos científicos en torno a las poblaciones talentosas. Si sabemos que las aptitudes cognitivas débiles constituyen un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de un problema de uso de sustancias, la relación entre el talento intelectual y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es desconocida. Las personas con altas capacidades intelectuales, que representan hasta el 2% de la población, presentan en general grandes capacidades metacognitivas y niveles de creatividad y de compromiso fuera de lo común. Algunas personas talentosas presentan una condición combinada comúnmente llamada “doble excepcionalidad” (2e) (ej.: dificultades de aprendizaje, dificultades de atención, autismo, problemas de salud mental). Este perfil neurocognitivo confronta a las personas talentosas en mayor medida con la posibilidad de sufrir experiencias de estrés minoritario que se deben a la neuro normatividad presente en el seno de la sociedad. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una revisión del alcance que fue llevado a cabo en función de las directivas de PRISMA 2020 con el fin de conocer el estado real ADE los conocimientos sobre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre las personas con altas capacidades y 2e. Entre los 25 estudios retenidos, y si bien resulta imposible determinar si el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas difiere en las personas intelectualmente dotadas con respecto a la población general, el desarrollo de un transtorno por el uso de sustancias parece posiblemente menos frecuente y más tardío entre estos últimos. Deben sin embargo considerarse importantes límites en torno a la conceptualización y a la evaluación de las altas capacidades, así como al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Ante el estrés minoritario que las poblaciones neurodivergentes pueden enfrentar, aparece como necesario la adopción de una postura crítica y neuro afirmativa para intervenir en las dependencias entre las personas de altas capacidades y 2e.
Palabras clave:
- altas capacidades intelectuales,
- doble excepcionalidad,
- uso de sustancias,
- problema del uso de sustancias,
- neurodivergencia,
- estrés minoritario
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Acker, J., Amlung, M., Stojek, M., Murphy, J. G. et MacKillop, J. (2012). Individual variation in behavioral economic indices of the relative value of alcohol: Incremental validity in relation to impulsivity, craving, and intellectual functioning. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3(3), 423436. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.021411
- Alias, A., Rahman, S., Majid, R. A. et Yassin, S. F. M. (2013). Dabrowski’s overexcitabilities profile among gifted students. Asian Social Science, 9(16), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n16p120.
- Ambrose, D. (2013). Socioeconomic Inequality and Giftedness: Suppression and Distortion of High Ability. Roeper Review, 35(2), 8192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2013.766960
- Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Seidman, L. et Biederman, J. (2009). Is adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ? Psychological Medicine, 39(8), 13251335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004959
- Antshel, K. M., Hier, B. O. et Barkley, R. A. (2014). Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD. Dans S. Goldstein et J. A. Naglieri (dir.), Handbook of Executive Functioning (p. 107120). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7
- Arksey, H. et O’Malley, L. (2007). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
- Atmaca, F. et Baloglu, M. (2022). The Two Sides of Cognitive Masking: A Three-Level Bayesian Meta-Analysis on Twice-Exceptionality. Gifted Child Quarterly, 66(4), 277295. https://doi.org/10.1177/00169862221110875
- Baldwin, L., Baum, S., Pereles, D. et Hughes, C. (2015). Twice-Exceptional Learners: The Journey Toward a Shared Vision. Gifted Child Today, 38(4), 206214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076217515597277
- Baudson, T. G. et Ziemes, J. F. (2016). The importance of being gifted: Stages of gifted identity development, their correlates and predictors. Gifted and Talented International, 31(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2016.1194675
- Bégin-Auclair, F. (2021). Évaluer la douance : Pratiques actuelles et aspirations des psychologues et neuropsychologues au Québec [Essai doctoral]. Université de Montréal.
- Bélanger, J. et Gagné, F. (2006). Estimating the size of the gifted/talented population from multiple identification criteria. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30(2), 13163. https://doi.org/10.4219/jeg-2006-258.
- Ben Amar, M. (2015). La toxicomanie. Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
- Bertrand, K., L’Espérance, N., Aranda, J. F. et Ngué, D. M. N. (2020). La Méthode de la revue systématique. Dans M. Corbière et N. Larivière (dir.), Méthodes qualitatives, quantitatives et mixtes, 2e édition (p. 307-334). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Bertrand, K., Tremblay, J., Nadeau, L. et Brochu, S. (2021). Les visages de la dépendance : Pour une société inclusive, diversifiée et innovante [Mémoire collectif].
- Bihlar Muld, B., Jokinen, J., Bölte, S. et Hirvikoski, T. (2013). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders with coexisting substance use disorder is characterized by early antisocial behaviour and poor cognitive skills. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 121. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-244X-13-336
- Bishop, J. C. et Rinn, A. N. (2020). The potential of misdiagnosis of high IQ youth by practicing mental health professionals: A mixed methods study. High Ability Studies, 31(2), 213243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2019.1661223
- Bolton, M. J. (2023). De-centering neuronormativity is an imperative in humanistic psychotherapy: Towards a neurodiversity-informed, person-centered approach. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q2t8h
- Booth, J. N., Boyle, J. M. E. et Kelly, S. W. (2010). Do tasks make a difference? Accounting for heterogeneity of performance of children with reading difficulties on tasks of executive function: findings from a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1348/026151009x485432
- Botha, M. et Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869318804297
- Brault-Labbé, A., Poirier, J. et Brassard, A. (2023). État des connaissances, perceptions et besoins professionnels de psychologues québécois face à la douance : Une étude exploratoire. Revue québécoise de psychologie, 44(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.7202/1100440ar
- Brown, M., Peterson, E. R. et Rawlinson, C. (2020). Research With Gifted Adults : What International Experts Think Needs to Happen to Move the Field Forward. Roeper Review, 42(2), 95108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2020.1728797
- Buchy, L., Seidman, L. J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Stone, W., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., Woods, S. W., Bearden, C. E., Mathalon, D. H. et Addington, J. (2015). Evaluating the relationship between cannabis use and IQ in youth and young adults at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 230(3), 878884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.033
- Cage, E. et Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2020). Understanding the relationships between autistic identity, disclosure, and camouflaging. Autism in Adulthood, 2(4), 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0016
- Camirand, H., Conus, F., Davison, A., Dupont, K., Gonzalez-Silicia, D., Joubert, K. et Niyibizi, J. (2023). Enquête québécoise sur la santé de la population 2020-2021 (p. 328) [En ligne]. Institut de la statistique du Québec. https://statistique.quebec.ca/fr/fichier/enquete-quebecoise-sante-population-2020-2021.pdf
- Cao, T. H., Jung, J. Y. et Lee, J. (2017). Assessment in Gifted Education: A Review of the Literature From 2005 to 2016. Journal of Advanced Academics, 28(3), 163203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X17714572
- Carman, C. A. (2013). Comparing Apples and Oranges: Fifteen Years of Definitions of Giftedness in Research. Journal of Advanced Academics, 24(1), 5270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X12472602
- Castellanos-Ryan, N. et Conrod, P. (2020). Chapter 7: Cognitive risk factors for alcohol and substance addictions. Dans A. Verdejo-Garcia (dir.), Cognition and Addiction (p. 91102). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815298-0.00007-1
- Catala, A. (2023). Understanding Neurodiversity, Unlearning Neuronormativity. Blog of the APA. https://blog.apaonline.org/2023/04/11/understanding-neurodiversity-unlearning-neuronormativity/
- Centre canadien sur les dépendances et l’usage de substances (CCDUS). (2020). Coûts et méfaits de l’usage de substances au Canada (2015–2017). https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2020-06/CSUCH-Canadian-Substance-Use-Costs-Harms-Report-2020-fr.pdf
- Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 13601372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620959833
- Chapman, R. (2023). Empire of normality: Neurodiversity and capitalism. Pluto Press.
- Chapman, R. et Botha, M. (2022). Neurodivergence-Informed Therapy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(3), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15384
- Chapman, R. et Carel, H. (2022). Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life. Journal of Social Philosophy, 53(4), 614631. https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12456
- Christoffersen, L. A. N., Mortensen, E. L., Becker, U., Osler, M., Sørensen, H. J. et Flensborg-Madsen, T. (2021). Age at onset and age at treatment of alcohol use disorders: Associations with educational level and intelligence. Alcohol, 95, 714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.04.005
- Clobert, N. et Gauvrit, N. (2021). Psychologie du haut potentiel : Comprendre, identifier, accompagner. De Boeck Supérieur.
- Clouston, S. A. P., Richards, M., Cadar, D. et Hofer, S. M. (2015). Educational Inequalities in Health Behaviors at Midlife: Is There a Role for Early-life Cognition? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 56(3), 323340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146515594188
- Cotton, J.-C., Missoum, A., Martin-Storey, A., Daigneault, M.-M., Ferlatte, O. et Bertrand, K. (2024). L’évaluation et l’intervention psychoéducative en contexte de consommation de substances psychoactives chez les jeunes trans et non-binaires. Dans J.-C. Cotton, A. Pullen-Sansfaçon et N. Courcy (dir.). Pratiques psychoéducatives auprès des jeunes trans et non-binaires : enjeux contemporains et approches innovantes, (p. 173-203). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Dai, D. Y. (2020). Assessing and accessing high human potential: A brief history of giftedness and what it means to school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 57(10), 15141527. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22346
- Dai, D. Y et Gauvrit, N. (2021). Une brève histoire du haut potentiel. Dans N. Colbert et N. Gauvrit (dir.), Psychologie du Haut Potentiel. Comprendre, Identifier, Accompagner (p. 23-26). De Boeck.
- Daniels, S. et Piechowski, M. (dir.). (2009). Living with Intensity: Understanding the Sensitivity, Excitability, and Emotional Development of Gifted Children, Adolescents, and Adults (Édition illustrée). Gifted Unlimited.
- Dark J. (2024). Eight principles of neuro-inclusion; an autistic perspective on innovating inclusive research methods. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1326536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1326536
- Davies, N. M., Hill, W. D., Anderson, E. L., Sanderson, E., Deary, I. J. et Davey Smith, G. (2019). Multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates of the effects of intelligence and education on health. eLife, 8. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.43990
- Degerud, E., Ystrom, E., Tambs, K., Ariansen, I., Magnus, P., Mørland, J., Naess, Ø. et Davey Smith, G. (2017). The interplay between cognitive ability, alcohol consumption, and health characteristics. Psychological Medicine, 48(12), 20112022. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003543
- Deligeorges, D., Kane, M. et Katsaounou, P. A. (2022). Studying stimuli and smoking behaviors among self-identified gifted smokers and strategies for customizing cessation support. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 20, 114. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/143323
- Dick, D. M., Aliev, F., Kramer, J., Wang, J. C., Hinrichs, A., Bertelsen, S., Kuperman, S., Schuckit, M., Nurnberger Jr., J., Edenberg, H. J., Porjesz, B., Begleiter, H., Hesselbrock, V., Goate, A. et Bierut, L. (2007). Association of CHRM2 with IQ: Converging Evidence for a Gene Influencing Intelligence. Behavior Genetics, 37(2), 265272. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10519-006-9131-2
- Foley-Nicpon, M., Allmon, A., Sieck, B. et Stinson, R. D. (2010). Empirical investigation of twice-exceptionality: Where have we been and where are we going? Gifted Child Quarterly, 55(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986210382575
- Foley-Nicpon, M., Assouline, S. G. et Colangelo, N. (2013). Twice- exceptional learners. Gifted Child Quarterly, 57(3), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986213490021
- Fries, J., Baudson, T. G., Kovacs, K. et Pietschnig, J. (2022). Bright, but allergic and neurotic? A critical investigation of the “overexcitable genius” hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051910
- Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., Tynelius, P., Deary, I. J. et Rasmussen, F. (2010). Intelligence in early adulthood and subsequent hospitalisation and admission rates for the whole range of mental disorders: Longitudinal study of 1,049,663 men. Epidemiology, 21(1), 7077. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c17da8
- Goriounova, N. A. et Mansvelder, H. D. (2019). Genes, Cells and Brain Areas of Intelligence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00044
- Gottfredson, L. S. (2009). Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing. Dans R. P. Phelps (dir.), Correcting Fallacies About Educational and Psychological Testing (p. 1165). American Psychological Association.
- Hallett S. et Kerr C. (2020). “You need support, validation, good coping skills. You need and deserve acceptance”: Autistic Adult Experiences of Counselling. Autistic Mutual Aid Society. www.autisticmentalhealth.uk/counsellingreport
- Higgins, J. P. T. et Cochrane Collaboration (dir.). (2020). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2e édition). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Izuno-Garcia A.K., McNeel M.M. et Fein R.H. (2023). Neurodiversity in Promoting the Well-Being of Children on the Autism Spectrum. Child Care in Practice, 29(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2022.2126436
- Isen, J. D., Ludeke, S. G., Foster, J. D., McGue, M. K. et Iacono, W. G. (2021). The clashing nature of rebelliousness: Nontraditional attitudes and counter-normative behaviors show divergent associations with intelligence. Journal of Personality, 90(4), 527-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12681
- Johnson, W., Hicks, B. M., McGue, M. et Iacono, W. G. (2009). How intelligence and education contribute to substance use: Hints from the Minnesota Twin family study. Intelligence, 37(6), 613624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2008.12.003
- Kanazawa, S. et Hellberg, J. E. E. U. (2010). Intelligence and Substance Use. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 382396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021526
- Karpinski, R. I., Kinase Kolb, A. M., Tetreault, N. A. et Borowski, T. B. (2018). High intelligence: A risk factor for psychological and physiological overexcitabilities. Intelligence, 66, 823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.09.001
- Katz, E. C., King, S. D., Schwartz, R. P., Weintraub, E., Barksdale, W., Robinson, R. et Brown, B. S. (2005). Cognitive Ability as a Factor in Engagement in Drug Abuse Treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(3), 359369. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-200056767
- Keyes, K. M., Platt, J., Kaufman, A. S. et McLaughlin, K. A. (2017). Association of Fluid Intelligence and Psychiatric Disorders in a Population-Representative Sample of US Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2), 179188. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3723
- Lang, M., Matta, M., Parolin, L., Morrone, C. et Pezzuti, L. (2019). Cognitive Profile of Intellectually Gifted Adults: Analyzing the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Assessment, 26(5), 929943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117733547
- Latvala, A., Castaneda, A. E., Perälä, J., Saarni, S. I., Aalto‐Setälä, T., Lönnqvist, J., Kaprio, J., Suvisaari, J. et Tuulio‐Henriksson, A. (2009). Cognitive functioning in substance abuse and dependence: A population-based study of young adults. Addiction, 104(9), 15581568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02656.x
- Luczak, S. E., Yarnell, L. M., Prescott, C. A., Raine, A., Venables, P. H. et Mednick, S. A. (2015). Childhood cognitive measures as predictors of alcohol use and problems by mid-adulthood in a non-Western cohort. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 365370. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000043
- Ma, J., Kang, H. J., Kim, J. Y., Jeong, H. S., Im, J. J., Namgung, E., Kim, M. J., Lee, S., Kim, T. D., Oh, J. K., Chung, Y.-A., Lyoo, I. K., Lim, S. M. et Yoon, S. (2017). Network attributes underlying intellectual giftedness in the developing brain. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11593-3
- Melnick, M. D., Harrison, B. R., Park, S., Bennetto, L. et Tadin, D. (2013). A Strong Interactive Link between Sensory Discriminations and Intelligence. Current Biology, 23(11), 10131017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.053
- Mills D. (2023). Applying a neurodiversity affirmative approach to the pluralistic framework. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 23(3), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12637
- Müller, M., Kowalewski, R., Metzler, S., Stettbacher, A., Rössler, W. et Vetter, S. (2013). Associations between IQ and alcohol consumption in a population of young males: A large database analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(12), 19932005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0666-2
- Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A. et Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
- Nathan, P. E., Conrad, M. et Skinstad, A. H. (2016). History of the Concept of Addiction. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 2951. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093546
- Neubauer, A. C. et Fink, A. (2009). Intelligence and neural efficiency. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(7), 100423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001
- Niileksela, C. R. et Reynolds, M. R. (2019). Enduring the tests of age and time: Wechsler constructs across versions and revisions. Intelligence, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101403
- Novais, F. et Pombo, S. (2015). Predictors of Multiple Substance Use in Alcohol Dependence : The Role of Personality. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000258
- Ogurlu, U. et Özbey, A. (2022). Personality differences in gifted versus non-gifted individuals: A three-level meta-analysis. High Ability Studies, 33(2), 227251. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2021.1985438
- Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,… McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
- Pereira Da Costa, M. (2019). Théories de l’intelligence : Concepts et évaluations du haut potentiel. Neuropsychiatrie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence, 67(3), 152157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2019.02.002
- Pluck, G., Lee, K.-H., Rele, R., Spence, S. A., Sarkar, S., Lagundoye, O. et Parks, R. W. (2012). Premorbid and current neuropsychological function in opiate abusers receiving treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124(12), 181184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.001
- Rappo, J.-J. et Stock, N. (2020). La consommation non problématique : un concept pour restaurer le pouvoir d’agir en résidentiel. Dépendances, 67, p.6-9.
- Renzulli, J. S. (2002). Expanding the conception of giftedness to include co-cognitive traits and to promote social capital. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(1), 3358. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170208400109.
- Renzulli, J. S. (2016). The three-ring conception of giftedness: A developmental model for promoting creative productivity. Dans J. S. Renzulli (dir), Reflections on Gifted Education (p. 55-90). Routledge.
- Renzulli, J. S. et Reis, S. M. (2018). The three-ring conception of giftedness: A developmental approach for promoting creative productivity in young people. Dans S. I. Pfeiffer, E. Shaunessy-Dedrick et M. Foley-Nicpon (dir.), APA handbook of giftedness and talent. (p. 185199). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000038-012
- Rinn, A. N. (2020). Social, emotional, and psychosocial development of gifted and talented individuals. Prufrock Press Inc.
- Rinn, A. N. et Bishop, J. (2015). Gifted Adults: A Systematic Review and Analysis of the Literature. Gifted Child Quarterly, 59(4), 213235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986215600795
- Rinn, A. N. et Majority, K. L. (2018). The Social and Emotional World of the Gifted. Dans S. I. Pfeiffer (dir.), Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psychoeducational Theory, Research, and Best Practices (p. 4963). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77004-8_4
- Rinn, A. N. (2024). A Critique on the Current State of Research on the Social and Emotional Experiences of Gifted Individuals and a Framework for Moving the Field Forward. Gifted Child Quarterly, 68(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/00169862231197780
- Rogne, A. F., Pedersen, W. et Von Soest, T. (2021). Intelligence, alcohol consumption, and adverse consequences. A study of young Norwegian men. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820944719
- Rosqvist, H., Chown, N. et Stenning, A. (dir.). (2020). Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429322297
- Santé Canada (2013, 18 septembre). Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes : santé mentale, 2012. Le Quotidien, 11-001-X, 2. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/11-001/CS11-001-2013-9-18-fra.pdf
- Santé Canada (2017). Enquête canadienne sur le tabac, l’alcool et les drogues (ETCAD): sommaire des résultats pour 2017. Santé Canada. https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-canada/services/enquete-canadienne-alcool-drogues/sommaire-2017.html
- Schultz, D. H. et Cole, M. W. (2016). Higher Intelligence Is Associated with Less Task-Related Brain Network Reconfiguration. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(33), 85518561. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0358-16.2016
- Shaw, S. C. K., Doherty, M., McCowan, S. et Eccles, J. A. (2022). Towards a Neurodiversity-Affirmative Approach for an Over-Represented and Under-Recognised Population: Autistic Adults in Outpatient Psychiatry. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(9), 42004201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05670-4
- Simonton, D. K. (2018). From giftedness to eminence: Developmental landmarks across the lifespan. Dans S. I. Pfeiffer, E. Shaunessy-Dedrick et M. Foley-Nicpon (dir.), APA handbook of giftedness and talent. (p. 273285). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000038-018
- Simonton, D. K. (2021). The Development of Creativity, Expertise, Talent, and Giftedness: A Bridge Too Far? Dans J. VanTassel-Baska (dir.), Talent Development in Gifted Education (p. 26-40). Routledge.
- Sjölund, S., Allebeck, P. et Hemmingsson, T. (2012). Intelligence quotient (IQ) in adolescence and later risk of alcohol-related hospital admissions and deaths-37-year follow-up of Swedish conscripts. Addiction, 107(1), 8997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03544.x
- Sjölund, S., Hemmingsson, T. et Allebeck, P. (2015). IQ and Level of Alcohol Consumption-Findings from a National Survey of Swedish Conscripts. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 39(3), 548555. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12656
- Sjölund, S., Hemmingsson, T., Gustafsson, J.-E. et Allebeck, P. (2015). IQ and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among Swedish men and women: The importance of socioeconomic position. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 69(9), 858864. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204761
- Sternberg, R. J. et Kaufman, S. B. (2018). Theories and Conceptions of Giftedness. Dans S. I. Pfeiffer (dir.), Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psychoeducational Theory, Research, and Best Practices (p. 2947). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77004-8_3
- Tasca, I., Guidi, M., Turriziani, P., Mento, G. et Tarantino, V. (2024). Behavioral and socio-emotional disorders in intellectual giftedness: A systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 55(3), 76889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01420-w.
- Tremblay, J. et Blanchette-Martin, N. (2016). Manuel d’utilisation du DÉBA Alcool/Drogues/Jeu-8 : Version adaptée pour la formation de la première ligne en dépendance, Version 2.0 [Manuel]. Service de recherche en Dépendance du CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale et du CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches en collaboration avec le Centre de réadaptation en dépendance de Montréal - Institut universitaire du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal.
- Webb, J. T. (dir.). (2016). Misdiagnosis and dual diagnoses of gifted children and adults: ADHD, bipolar, OCD, Asperger’s, depression, and other disorders (2e édition). Great Potential Press Inc.
- Weiser, M., Zarka, S., Werbeloff, N., Kravitz, E. et Lubin, G. (2010). Cognitive test scores in male adolescent cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers : A population-based study. Addiction, 105(2), 358363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02740.x
- White, J. et Batty, G. D. (2012). Intelligence across childhood in relation to illegal drug use in adulthood: 1970 British Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66(9), 767774. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200252
- Winkler, D. et Voight, A. (2016). Giftedness and Overexcitability: Investigating the Relationship Using Meta-Analysis. Gifted Child Quarterly, 60(4), 243257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986216657588
- Wirthwein, L. et Rost, D. H. (2011). Giftedness and subjective well-being: A study with adults. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(2), 18286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.001.
- Wood, V. R., Bouchard, L., De Wit, E., Martinson, S. P. et Van Petegem, P. (2024). Prevalence of emotional, intellectual, imaginational, psychomotor, and sensual overexcitabilities in highly and profoundly gifted children and adolescents: A mixed-methods study of development and developmental potential. Education Sciences, 14(8), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080817
- Wraw, C., Deary, I. J., Der, G. et Gale, C. R. (2016). Intelligence in youth and mental health at age 50. Intelligence, 58, 6979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.06.005
- Wraw, C., Der, G., Gale, C. R. et Deary, I. J. (2018). Intelligence in youth and health behaviours in middle age. Intelligence, 69, 7186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.04.005