Abstracts
Résumé
Le présent article s’appuie sur le concept de « récit » pour analyser les principaux cadres médiatisés qui investissent des significations de la crise des opioïdes au Canada. Un échantillon de 400 articles publiés entre 2015 et 2018 a été soumis à une analyse de la rhétorique des cadres. Ce faisant, quatre cadres médiatisés furent soulevés : prohibitif, médicalisé, structurel et sanitaire. Si chacun d’entre eux donne un sens particulier à l’enjeu, une tendance transversale relève du changement de statut des consommateurs d’opioïdes, qui passent de « criminels » à « victimes-citoyens ». Notre analyse montre que cette transformation émerge au gré de discours de généralisation du risque et de stratégies discursives favorisant l’identification à l’usager et à sa famille. Ceci « dés-altérise » le consommateur, ce qui a comme double retombée de susciter la sympathie chez le public et de légitimer les demandes de soins auprès des décideurs. Émerge ainsi la figure de l’« entrepreneur de compassion », soit l’individu qui encourage la régulation des usages de drogues par des logiques de soins plutôt que punitives. Cette figure plaide plus précisément en faveur de l’implantation de « soins en réduction des méfaits », un concept employé de façon polysémique dans l’ensemble des cadres. Enfin, ces dynamiques de victimisation de l’usager légitiment le cadrage de cette crise comme un « enjeu d’approvisionnement toxique en drogues » et surlignent, aux niveaux provincial et fédéral, les méfaits des politiques prohibitionnistes qui affectaient les populations marginalisées depuis longtemps. En somme, nous émettons l’hypothèse que cette conceptualisation de la crise des opioïdes s’associe à la fin d’un paradigme et ouvre de nouvelles possibilités, notamment en permettant aux idées de décriminalisation et d’approvisionnement sécuritaire en opioïdes d’intégrer le discours public.
Mots-clés :
- opioïdes,
- fentanyl,
- analyse des cadres,
- analyse des médias,
- crise des opioïdes,
- réduction des méfaits
Abstract
This article relies on the concept of “narrative” to analyze the main mediatized frames that invested meaning in Canada’s opioid crisis. A sample of 400 articles published between 2015 and 2018 was subjected to a rhetorical frame analysis. This led to the identification of four frames transmitted in media articles: prohibitive, medicalized, structural, and sanitary. While each of them encourages a specific understanding of the issue, a transversal dynamic is the change of status of the opioid consumers, who evolved from “criminals” to “victim-citizens”. Our analysis shows that this transformation emerges through discourse that generalize the risk of overdose and addiction and through discursive strategies favoring the identification with the user and his family. This “de-othering” of drug users has a twofold effect: first, it heightens public sympathy and second, it legitimizes decision-makers’ requests for practices of care. It is in this discursive context that the figure of the “compassionate entrepreneur”, the individual who encourages the regulation of drug use by principles of care rather than punitive logics, emerges. More specifically, this figure argues in favor of implementing “harm reduction care”, a concept used in polysemous ways in all frames. Finally, these dynamics of victimization of the user legitimize the framing of this crisis as a “toxic drug supply issue” and highlight, at the provincial and federal levels, the harmful effects of prohibitionist policies which have been affecting marginalized populations for a long time. In sum, we hypothesize that this conceptualization of the opioid crisis is associated with the end of a paradigm and opens new possibilities, namely by allowing ideas of decriminalization and safe supply of opioids to integrate the public discourse.
Keywords:
- opioids,
- fentanyl,
- frame analysis,
- media analysis,
- opioid crisis,
- harm reduction
Resumen
El presente artículo se apoya en el concepto de “relato » para analizar los principales marcos mediatizados que invierten significados de la crisis de los opioides en Canadá. Una muestra de 400 artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2018 se sometió a un análisis de la retórica de los marcos. De esta manera se definieron cuatro marcos mediatizados: el prohibitivo, el medicalizado, el estructural y el sanitario. Si bien cada uno de ellos da un sentido particular a la cuestión, una tendencia transversal depende del cambio de estatuto de los consumidores de opioides, que pasan de ser “criminales” a “ciudadanos víctimas”. Nuestro análisis muestra que esta transformación emerge del discurso de generalización del riesgo y de las estrategias discursivas que favorecen la identificación con el usuario y su familia. Esto « des-alteriza » al consumidor, lo que tiene un doble resultado de suscitar la simpatía en el público y de legitimar las demandas de atención entre quienes toman las decisiones políticas. Emerge así la figura del « empresario de compasión », es decir, la persona que alienta la reglamentación del uso de las drogas mediante lógicas de atención de la salud más bien que punitivas. Esta figura aboga más precisamente en favor de la implantación de “cuidados para la reducción de los daños”, un concepto empleado de manera polisémica en el conjunto de los marcos. Finalmente, estas dinámicas de victimización del usuario legitiman el enmarcamiento de esta crisis dentro de una “cuestión de aprovisionamiento tóxico en drogas” y subrayan, tanto a nivel provincial como federal, los daños de las políticas prohibicionistas que afectaban a las poblaciones marginalizadas desde hace mucho tiempo. En resumen, emitimos la hipótesis de que esta conceptualización de la crisis de los opioides se asocia con el fin de un paradigma y abre nuevas posibilidades, principalmente al permitir que las ideas de descriminalización y de aprovisionamiento seguro en opioides integren el discurso público.
Palabras clave:
- opioides,
- fentanilo,
- análisis de los marcos,
- análisis de los medios,
- crisis de opioides,
- reducción de daños
Appendices
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