Abstracts
Résumé
Objectif : Examiner la relation entre la concomitance de troubles liés à la consommation de drogues (TCD) et d’autres troubles de santé mentale (ATSM) et une vaste gamme de comportements à risque pour le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH).
Méthode : Les données sont tirées d’une étude auprès de 17 141 jeunes âgés de 12 à 25 ans entreprenant l’un de 148 programmes de traitement pour adolescents et jeunes adultes aux États-Unis. On a administré aux jeunes l’Évaluation globale des besoins individuels (questionnaire GAIN) au moment de leur entrée dans leur programme et lors d’au moins une visite de suivi trimestrielle sur une période de 12 mois. Parmi les participants, 90 % étaient des adolescents (âgés de 12 à 17 ans), 10 % étaient en phase de transition (âgés de 18 à 25 ans), 72 % étaient de sexe masculin, 39 % étaient d’origine caucasienne, 16 % étaient d’origine afro-américaine, 26 % étaient d’origine hispano-américaine, 3 % étaient d’une autre ethnie et 16 % étaient pluriethniques. Environ 61 % des autoévaluations respectaient le critère de troubles liés à la consommation de drogues (TCD) et d’autres troubles de santé mentale (ATSM) dans l’année précédente, 18 % respectaient celui de TCD seulement et 10 % d’ATSM seulement. Les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques des jeunes en phase de transition étaient similaires, quoiqu’un plus haut pourcentage de ceux-ci (25 %) ont déclaré un TCD seulement.
Résultats : Dans les deux groupes d’âge, les individus ayant des TCD et d’ATSM concomitants étaient invariablement les plus susceptibles de déclarer les comportements suivants au cours de la dernière année : utilisation de seringues ; partage de seringues ; relation sexuelle non protégée ; multiples partenaires sexuels ; échange de faveurs sexuelles ; partenaires sexuels à risque élevé ; historique de victimisation physique, émotionnelle et sexuelle ; automutilation ; idéation suicidaire ; idées de meurtre ; activités illégales et violence envers les autres. Les jeunes en phase de transition avaient aussi le plus haut taux de visites à l’urgence et un coût pour la société plus important. La concomitance de TCD et d’ATSM a aussi des effets sur les résultats après les traitements. Même si les troubles se manifestent et se terminent avec une gravité accrue dans ce sous-groupe, de l’admission au suivi, celui-ci rapportait les plus importantes baisses dans plusieurs comportements à risque, dans la consommation de drogues, dans les troubles émotifs, dans les activités illégales et dans le coût pour la société.
Discussion : Les répercussions de ces résultats sont discutées et des stratégies potentielles sont suggérées pour améliorer l’efficacité des traitements et les services de soutien au rétablissement pour ces jeunes.
Mots-clés :
- Troubles liés à la consommation de substances,
- troubles de santé mentale,
- comportements à risque,
- VIH,
- jeunes,
- jeunes adultes
Abstract
Objective: To examine the relationship between co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric disorders (OPD) and a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors.
Method: The data are from 17,141 youth aged 12–25 entering 148 adolescent and young adult treatment programs in the United States who were interviewed at intake and at one or more quarterly follow-up visits for 12 months using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN). Of the participants, 90% were adolescents (ages 12–17), 10% transitional-aged youth (ages 18–25), 72% male, 39% White, 16% African American, 26% Hispanic, 3% another race and 16% multi-racial. Approximately 61% of self-reports met past-year criteria for both SUD and OPD, 18% for SUD only and 10% for OPD only. Transitional-aged youth were similar in demographic and clinical characteristics, though a higher percentage (25%) reported SUD only.
Results: For both age groups, individuals with co-occurring SUD and OPD were consistently the most likely to report past-year needle use; needle sharing; unprotected sex; multiple sexual partners; sex trading; high-risk sex partners; a history of physical, emotional, and sexual victimization; self-mutilation; suicidal or homicidal thoughts; illegal activity; and violence towards others. Transitional-aged youth also had the highest rates of emergency room visits and cost to society. Co-occurring SUD and OPD also impacts post-treatment outcomes; while frequently starting and ending with greater severity, this group still had the largest reductions in several risk behaviors, substance use, emotional problems, illegal activity, and costs to society from intake to follow-up.
Discussion: The implications of these findings are discussed, along with possible strategies to improve the effectiveness of treatment and recovery support services for these youth.
Keywords:
- morbidity,
- substance use,
- mental health,
- risk behaviors
Resumen
Objetivo: examinar la relación entre la concomitancia de los problemas relacionados con el consumo de drogas y otros problemas de salud mental con una amplia gama de comportamientos de riesgo para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH).
Método: los datos se han extraído de un estudio llevado a cabo con 17 141 jóvenes de 12 a 25 años que iniciaban uno de los 148 programas de tratamiento para adolescentes y jóvenes adultos en Estados Unidos. Se administró a los jóvenes la Evaluación global de necesidades individuales (cuestionario GAIN) en el momento de su ingreso en el programa y por lo menos en una visita de seguimiento trimestral durante un período de 12 meses. Entre los participantes, el 90% eran adolescentes (de 12 a 17 años)y 10% estaban en etapa de transición (entre 18 y 25 años). El 72% eran de sexo masculino, 39% eran de origen caucásico, 16% de origen afroamericano, 26% de origen latinoamericano, 39% de otro grupo étnico y 16% eran pluriétnicos. Alrededor del 61% de las autoevaluaciones alcanzaban el criterio de clasificación de problemas relacionados con el consumo de drogas (PCD) y de otros problemas de salud mental (OPSM) durante al año precedente. El 18% alcanzaban el criterio de PCD solamente y el 10% el criterio de OPSM solamente durante el año anterior. Las características demográficas y clínicas de los jóvenes en etapa de transición eran similares, aunque había un más alto porcentaje de jóvenes (25%) que declararon tener un PCD solamente.
Resultados: en los dos grupos de edad, las personas que tenían un PCD y OPSM concomitantes eran invariablemente los más susceptibles de declarar los comportamientos siguientes durante el último año : utilizar jeringas, compartir jeringas, tener relaciones sexuales no protegidas, compañeros/as sexuales múltiples, intercambio de favores sexuales; compañeros/as sexuales de alto riesgo, historia de victimización física, emocional y sexual; automutilación; ideas suicidas; ideas de asesinato; actividades ilegales y violencia contra los otros. Los jóvenes en etapa de transición presentaban también el porcentaje más alto de visitas a los servicios de emergencia hospitalaria y representan un costo más importante para la sociedad. La concomitancia de PCD y OPSM tiene también efectos sobre los resultados de los tratamientos. Aun si los problemas se manifiestan y se terminan con una gravedad más importante en este subgrupo, de la admisión al seguimiento, dicho subgrupo presenta las más importantes disminuciones en numerosos comportamientos de riesgo, en el consumo de drogas, en los problemas emocionales, en las actividades ilegales y en el costo para la sociedad.
Discusión: se analizan las repercusiones de estos resultados y se sugieren estrategias que podrían mejorar la eficacia de los tratamientos y los servicios de apoyo al restablecimiento para estos jóvenes.
Palabras clave:
- problemas relacionados con el consumo de drogas,
- problemas mentales,
- comportamientos de riesgo,
- VIH,
- jóvenes,
- jóvenes adultos
Appendices
Bibliographie
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- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (1996). Preliminary estimates from the 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Advance Report No.18). Rockville, MD.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental health findings (NSDUH Series H-39, No. SMA 10-4609). Rockville, MD.
- Tapert, S. F., Aarons, G. A., Sedlar, G. R. et Brown, S. A. (2001). Adolescent substance use and sexual risk-taking behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 181 189. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00169-5
- Teplin, L. A., Elkington, K. S., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., Mericle, A. A. et Washburn, J. J. (2005). Major mental disorders, substance use disorders, comorbidity, and HIV-AIDS risk behaviors in juvenile detainees. Psychiatric Services, 56, 823 828. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.7.823
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Appendices
Bibliography
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2009). Mental Health: Research Findings. Program Brief. Rockville, MD: AHRQ. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/mental/mentalhth/index.html
- American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) (1996). Patient placement criteria for the treatment of psychoactive substance disorders (2nd ed.). Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine.
- American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) (2001). Patient placement criteria for the treatment of psychoactive substance disorders (2nd ed. -- Revised). Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine.
- Brown, L. K., Danovsky, M. B., Lourie, K. J., DiClemente, R. J., & Ponton, L. E. (1997). Adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the risk of HIV. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1609-1617. doi:10.1016/S0890-8567(09)66573-4
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). HIV Among Youth. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/age/youth/index.html?s_cid=tw_drdeancdc-00125
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2011. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats11/adol.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). HIV and Substance Use in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/behavior/substanceuse.html
- Deas-Nesmith, D., Brady, K. T., White, R., & Campbell, S. (1999). HIV-Risk Behaviors in Adolescent Substance Abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 16, 169-172. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00040-3
- Dennis, M. L., Ives, M., & Muck, R. (2008, March). A Phase IV meta analytic study of the replicability of Motivational Enhancement Therapy/ Cognitive Behavior Therapy for 5 sessions (MET/CBT5) in 36 sites. Presentation at the Joint Meeting of Adolescent Treatment Effectiveness, Washington DC.
- Dennis, M. L., Ives, M. L., White, M. K., & Muck, R. D. (2008). The Strengthening Communities for Youth (SCY) initiative: A cluster analysis of the services received, their correlates and how they are associated with outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(1), 3-16. doi:10.1080/02791072.2008.10399757
- Dennis, M. L., Titus, J. C., White, M., Unsicker, J., & Hodgkins, D. (2003). Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN): Administration guide for the GAIN and related measures (Version 5). Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems. Retrieved from http://www.chestnut.org/LI/gain/index.html on May 7, 2008.
- Dennis, M. L., White, M., & Ives, M. I. (2009). Individual characteristics and needs associated with substance misuse of adolescents and young adults in addiction treatment. In C. Leukefeld, T. Gullotta, & M. Staton Tindall (Eds.), Handbook on adolescent substance abuse prevention and treatment: Evidence-based practice (pp. 45-72). New London, CT: Child and Family Agency Press.
- Donenberg, G. R., & Pao, M. (2005). Youths and HIV/AIDS: Psychiatry’s role in a changing epidemic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 728-747. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000166381.68392.02
- Elkington, K. S., Bauermeister, J. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2010). Psychological distress, substance use, and HIV/STI risk behaviors among youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 514-527. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9524-7
- French, M. T., Popovici, I., & Tapsell, L. (2008). The economic costs of substance abuse treatment: Updated estimates of cost bands for program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35, 462-469. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.12.008
- Godley, S. H., Garner, B. R., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model for evidence-based treatment and continuing care. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(1), 67-83. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x
- Hops, H., Ozechowski, T. J., Waldron, H. B., Davis, B., Turner, C. W., Brody, J. L., & Barrera, M. (2011). Adolescent health-risk sexual behaviors: Effects of a drug abuse intervention. AIDS and Behavior, 15(8), 1664-1676.
- Institute of Medicine (2006). Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions: Quality Chasm Series. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) (1995). Accreditation manual for mental health, chemical dependency, and mental retardation/developmental disabilities services: Standards. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Author.
- Kessler, R. C. (2004). The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 730-737. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.034
- Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1002-1014. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01129-5
- Kirschstein, R. (2000). Disease-specific estimates of direct and indirect costs of illness and NIH support: Fiscal year 2000 update. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
- Leigh, B. C., & Stall, R. (1993). Substance use and risky sexual behavior for exposure to HIV: Issues in methodology, interpretation, and prevention. American Psychologist, 48, 1035-1045. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.10.1035
- Lowry, R., Holtzman, D., Truman, B. I., Kann, L., Collins, J. L., & Kolbe, L. (1994). Substance use and HIV-related sexual behaviors among U.S. high school students: Are they related? American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1116-1120. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1116
- Ramrakha, S., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Moffitt, T. E., & Paul, C. (2000). Psychiatric disorders and risky sexual behavior in young adulthood: Cross sectional study in birth cohort. British Medical Journal, 321, 263-266. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7256.263
- Shrier, L. A., Harris, S. K., Sternberg, M., & Beardslee, W. R. (2001). Associations of depression, self-esteem, and substance use with sexual risk in adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 33, 179-189. doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0869
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (1996). Preliminary estimates from the 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Advance Report No. 18). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental health findings (NSDUH Series H-39, No. SMA 10-4609). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
- Tapert, S. F., Aarons, G. A., Sedlar, G. R., & Brown, S. A. (2001). Adolescent substance use and sexual risk-taking behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 181-189. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00169-5
- Teplin, L. A., Elkington, K. S., McLelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., Mericle, A. A., & Washburn, J. J. (2005). Major mental disorders, substance use disorders, comorbidity, and HIV-AIDS risk behaviors in juvenile detainees. Psychiatric Services, 56, 823-828. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.7.823
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva: WHO.