Abstracts
Résumé
Le mouvement rastafari, et son expansion à l’échelle mondiale, est un témoignage du succès d’un « art de dire » par l’expression musicale. Technique du corps et des sens, la création de la musique peut se lier à l’éthos d’un peuple. Il s’agit dans cet article de comprendre les conditions de créativité musicale au sein du quotidien rastafari des townships du Cap en Afrique du Sud. Ainsi, comment la création musicale s’insère-t-elle au coeur du mouvement rastafari sud-africain, en quoi ce processus est-il porteur de signification, voire gage de survie au quotidien ? Et plus particulièrement, quelle est la place de la plante sacrée dagga (cannabis, marijuana) dans ce processus, dont l’usage hors du mouvement est légiféré comme criminel, et dont l’usage en son sein apparaît libérateur, voire thérapeutique ? Voilà le défi de cet article qui pourra être relevé grâce à une famille musicienne/herboriste rastafari sud-africaine et à une anthropologie des sens. Dans le mouvement rastafari qui s’est érigé explicitement contre l’oppression d’un monde colonial en Jamaïque dans les années 1930, le processus de créativité musicale apparaît comme un mode de « mieux-être dans le monde », mode où les mots et les sons sont nettement privilégiés comme médium de changement social. En ce qui concerne son Herbe, la dagga, ses fonctions y sont multiples, tant sur le plan culturel que biologique, s’entrelaçant à la créativité musicale selon les ancrages positionnels particuliers des acteurs.
Mots-clés :
- anthropologie des sens,
- Rastafari,
- créativité musicale,
- cannabis,
- guérison,
- Afrique du Sud
Abstract
The Rastafarian movement, and its expansion on a worldly scale, testifies to the success of an “art of saying” through musical expression. Body and sensorial technique, creating music is linked to the ethos of a people. In this paper I aim to comprehend the conditions of musical creativity in the everyday of Rastafarians in the townships of Cape Town in South Africa. Hence how does creating music enter at the heart of the South African Rastafarian movement and in what is this process carrier of meaning, even a part of daily survival? More particularly, what is the place of its sacred plant dagga (cannabis, marijuana) in this process that, albeit criminalized outside the movement, appears to be liberating, even therapeutic within the movement? This is the comprehensive challenge set for this article and it is a South African Rastafarian family of musicians/herbalists and an anthropology of the senses which help us meet it. In this movement explicitly arising against colonial oppression in Jamaica in the 1930s, the musical creative process appears as a better ‘way of being in the world’ in which words and sounds are clearly privileged as the medium for social change. With regards to its Herb, dagga, its place is multiple, cultural as well as biological, intermingling within musical creativity according to the actors’ particular positioning.
Keywords:
- anthropology of the senses,
- Rastafarian,
- musical creativity,
- cannabis,
- healing,
- South Africa
Resumen
El movimiento rastafari y su expansión a escala mundial es un testimonio del éxito de un “arte de decir” a través de la expresión musical. Técnica del cuerpo y de los sentidos, la creación de la música puede vincularse al etos de un pueblo. En este artículo se trata de comprender las condiciones de creatividad musical dentro del cotidiano rastafari de las townships del Cabo en África del Sur. ¿De qué manera la creación musical se introduce en el corazón del movimiento rastafari sudafricano, de qué modo este proceso es portador de significación, incluso de garantía de supervivencia en el cotidiano? Y, más particularmente, cuál es el lugar que ocupa la planta sagrada dagga (cannabis, marihuana) en este proceso, cuyo uso fuera del movimiento está legislado como criminal y cuyo consumo en su seno aparece como liberador, hasta terapéutico? Este es el desafío que se plantea en este artículo, desafío que podrá resolverse gracias a una familia de músicos y herboristas rastafaris sudafricanos y a una antropología de los sentidos. En el movimiento rastafari, que se erigió explícitamente contra la opresión de un mundo colonial en la Jamaica de los años 30, el proceso de creatividad musical aparece como un modo de “mayor bienestar en el mundo”, modo en el que se privilegian claramente las palabras y los sonidos como medio de cambio social. En lo que concierne a su Hierba, la dagga, sus funciones en dicho mundo son múltiples, tanto en el plano cultural como en el biológico, entrelazándose con la creatividad musical según los anclajes posicionales particulares de los actores.
Palabras clave:
- antropología de los sentidos,
- rastafari,
- creatividad musical,
- cannabis,
- curación,
- África del Sur
Appendices
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