Abstracts
Résumé
Le traitement de substitution, principalement avec la méthadone ou la buprénorphine, représente le traitement le plus efficace de la dépendance des opioïdes. Ces médicaments doivent, la plupart du temps, être pris pendant des périodes prolongées, soit plusieurs années ou toute la vie pour certains. Ces médicaments peuvent avoir des effets indésirables, ayant un impact sur la qualité de vie des patients, et nécessitent une attention de la part des professionnels de la santé impliqués dans le traitement. Seront révisés les effets indésirables suivants : hypogonadisme masculin, allongement du QT, sevrage néonatal, anomalies des fonctions respiratoires, hyperalgésie, risque d’intoxication, abus de la médication, interactions médicamenteuses. À ces effets pharmacologiques viennent s’ajouter des contraintes réglementaires, qui, si elles peuvent être pertinentes en début de traitement, s’avèrent lourdes et inadaptées pour les patients stables depuis plusieurs années. De l’écoute et une bonne gestion de ces effets indésirables sont indispensables pour améliorer l’acceptabilité du traitement et son attrait pour les usagers.
Mots-clés :
- méthadone,
- buprénorphine,
- dépendance aux opioïdes
Abstract
Substitution treatment, usually with methadone or buprenorphine, is the treatment of choice for opioid dependence. These medications have to be taken over extended periods of time, if not for life. They may have undesirable effects that can have an impact on the quality of life of some patients, requiring the involvement of health professionals in the treatment. This article will review the following undesirable effects: male hypogonadism, QT interval prolongation, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, lung function test anomalies, hyperalgesia, risk of intoxication, medication abuse, drug interactions. Substitution treatment is also associated with a number of regulatory constraints that, while they may be pertinent early in the treatment, may become a burden and inappropriate for patients who have been stable for several years. Being ready to listen and properly manage these undesirable effects is indispensable in making the treatment acceptable and attractive for users.
Keywords:
- methadone,
- buprenorphine,
- opioid dependence
Resumen
El tratamiento de sustitución, principalmente con la metadona o la buprenorfina, es el más eficaz para tratar la dependencia a los opioides. Estos medicamentos deben tomarse, la mayor parte de las veces, durante períodos prolongados, ya sea durante varios años o durante toda la vida en algunos casos. Pueden tener efectos secundarios indeseables que ejercen un impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y requieren atención por parte de los profesionales de la salud implicados en el tratamiento. Se revisarán en el artículo los siguientes efectos secundarios: hipogonadismo masculino, alargamiento del QT, síndrome de abstinencia neonatal, anomalía de las funciones respiratorias, hiperalgesia, riesgo de intoxicación, abuso de la medicación, interacciones medicamentosas. A estos efectos farmacológicos se agregan las restricciones reglamentarias que, si bien pueden ser pertinentes al comienzo del tratamiento, devienen engorrosas e inadaptadas para los pacientes que están estables desde hace muchos años. La atención que se preste a estos efectos indeseables y una buena gestión de los mismos es indispensable para mejorar la aceptabilidad del tratamiento y su atracción para los usuarios.
Palabras clave:
- metadona,
- buprenorfina,
- dependencia a los opioides
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abrahams, R.R., Kelly, S.A., Payne, S., & al. (2007). Rooming-in compared to standard care for newborns of mothers using methadone or heroin. Canadian Family Physician, 53(10), 1722-1730.
- Alho, H., Sinclair, D., Vuori, E., Holopainen, A. (2007). Abuse liability of buprenorphine-naloxone tablets in untreated IV drug users. Drug and Alcohol dependence, 88(1), 75-78.
- Andrews, C.-M., Krantz, M.J., Wedan, E.F., & al. (2009). Methadone-induced mortality in the treatment of chronic pain: role of QT prolongation. Cardiology Journal, 16(3), 210-217.
- Bakstad, B., Sarfi, M., Welle-Strand, G.K., Ravndal, E. (2009). Opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy: occurrence and severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome. A national prospective study. European Addiction Research, 15(3), 128-134.
- Ball, J.C., Ross, A. (1991). The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment. New York, É.-U. : Springer-Verlag.
- Barkin, J. (2010). Erectile dysfunction and low testosterone: cause or an effect? The Canadian Journal of Urology, 17(supplement 1), p. 2-11.
- Bartholomew, N.G., Courtney, K., Rowan-Szal, G.A., Simpson, D.D. (2005). Sexual abuse history and treatment outcome among women undergoing methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29(3), 231-235
- Basaria, S., Coviello, A.D., Travison, T.G., & al. (2010). Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. New England Journal of Medecine, 363(2), 109-122.
- Bell, J., Trinh, L., Butler, B., & al. (2009). Comparing retention in treatment and mortality in people after initial entry to methadone and buprenorphine treatment. Addiction, 104(7), 1193-1200.
- Bliesener, N., Albrecht, S., Schwager, A., & al. (2006). Plasma testosterone and sexual function in men receiving buprenorphine maintenance for opioid dependence. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(1), 203-206.
- Brown, R., Balousez, S., Mundt, M., Fleming, M. (2005). Methadone maintenance and male sexual dysfunction. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 24(2), 91-106.
- Brown, R.T., Zeulsdorff, M., Fleming, M. (2006). Adverse effects and cognitive function among primary care patients taking opioid for chronic nonmalignant pain. Journal of Opioid Management, 2(3), 137-146.
- Brugal, M.T., Domingo-Salvany, A., Puig, R., & al. (2005). Evaluating the impact of methadone maintenance programmes on mortality due to overdose and AIDS in a cohort of heroin users in Spain. Addiction, 100(7), 981-989.
- Brunton, L.L., Lazo, J.S., Parker, K.L. (2006). Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (11th edition). New York, É.-U. : McGraw-Hill.
- Bryant, W.K., Galea, M.T., Tracy, M., & al. (1999). Overdose deaths attributed to methadone and heroin in New York City, 1990-1998. Addiction, 99(7), 846-854.
- Burns, L., Mattick, R.P., Lim, K., Wallace, C. (2006). Methadone in pregnancy: treatment retention and neonatal outcome. Addiction, 102(2), 264-270.
- Byerly, M., Suppes, T., Tran, Q.V., Baker, R.A. (2007). Clinical implications of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with skizophrenia Spectrum or bipolar Spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(6), 639-661.
- Byrne, A. (2009). Concerns about consensus guidelines for QTc interval screening in méthadone treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(3), p. 216.
- Chu, L.F., Clark, D.J., Angst, M.S. (2006). Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: a preliminary prospective study. Journal of Pain, 7(1), 43-48.
- Chugh, S.S., Socoteanu, C., Reinier, K., & al. (2008). A community-based evaluation of sudden death associated with therapeutic levels of methadone. American Journal of Medicine, 121(1), 66-71.
- Cofrancesco, J., Shah, N., Ghanem, K.-G., & al. (2006). The effect of illicit drug use and HIV infection on sex hormone levels in women. Gynecological Endocrinology, 22(5), 244-251.
- Collège des médecins du Québec. (1999). Utilisation de la méthadone dans le traitement de la toxicomanie aux opiacés. Montréal, Canada : Collège des médecins du Québec (CMQ).
- Collège des médecins du Québec. (2004). Modification des lignes directrices. Utilisation de la méthadone dans le traitement de la toxicomanie aux opiacés. Montréal, Canada : CMQ.
- Collège des médecins du Québec. (2009a). Douleur chronique et opioïdes : l’essentiel. Lignes directrices. Montréal, Canada : CMQ.
- Collège des médecins du Québec. (2009b). La buprénorphine dans le traitement de la dépendance aux opioïdes. Lignes directrices. Montréal, Canada : CMQ.
- Compton, P. Charuvastra, V.C., Ling, W. (2001). Pain intolerance in opioid-maintained former opiate addicts: effect of long-acting maintenance agent. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(1), 139-146.
- Conroy, E., Degenhardt, L., Mattick, R.P., Nelson, E.C. (2009). Child maltreatment as a risk factor for opioid dependence: comparison of family characteristics and type and severity of child maltreatment with a matched control group. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(6), 343-352.
- Dryden, C., Young, D., Hepburn, M., Mactier, H. (2009). Maternal methadone use in pregnancy: factors associated with the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome and implications for healthcare resources. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11(6), 665-671.
- Ehret, G.B., Voide, C., Gex-Fabry, M., & al. (2006). Drug-induced long QT syndrome in injection drug users receiving methadone. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(12), 1280-1287.
- El-Bassel, N., Simoni, J.M., Cooper, D.K., Gilbert, L., Schilling, R.F. (2001). Sex trading and psychological distress among women on methadone. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(3), 177-184.
- Emmanuelli, J., Desenclos, J.C. (2005). Harm reduction interventions, behaviours and associated health outcomes in France 1996-2003. Addiction, 100(11), 1690-1700.
- Fischer, G., Ortner, R., Rohrmeister, K., & al. (2006). Methadone versus buprenorphine in pregnant addicts: a double-blind, double-dummy comparison study. Addiction, 101(2), 275-281.
- Fudala, P.J., Bridge, T.P., Herbert, S., & al. (2003). Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 949-958.
- Ghitza, U.E., Epstein, D.H., Preston, K.L. (2008). Contingency management reduces injection-related HIV risk behaviors in heroin and cocaine using outpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 593-604.
- Giacomuzzi, S.M., Riemer, Y., Ertl, M., & al. (2003). Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance treatment in an ambulant setting: a health-related quality of life assessment. Addiction, 98(5), 685-702.
- Gowing, L.R., Farrell, M., Bornemann, R., & al. (2006). Brief report: methadone treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(2), 193-195.
- Grunkmeier, D.M., Cassara, J.E., Dalton, C.B., Drossman, D.A. (2007). The narcotic bowel syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and management. Clinical Gastroentorology and Hepatology, 5(10), 1126-1139.
- Gutzwiller, F., Steffen, T. (2000). Cost-benefit analysis ot heroin maintenance treatment. Medical Prescription of Narcotics, 2, 131-133.
- Hickman, M., Madden, P., Henry, J., & al. (2003). Trends in drug overdose deaths in England and Wales 1993-98: methadone does not kill more people than heroin. Addiction, 98(4), 419-425.
- Hulse, G.K., Milne, E., English, D.R., Holman, C.D.J. (1997). The relationship between maternal use of heroin and methadone and infant birth weight. Addiction, 92(11), 1571-1579.
- Hunt, R.W., Tzioumi, D., Collins, E., Jeffery, H.E. (2008). Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of infants exposed to opiate in-utero. Early Human Development, 84(1), 29-35.
- Isidori, A.M., Greco, E.A., Aversa, A. (2005). Androgen deficiency and hormone-replacement therapy. British Journal of Urology International, 96(2), 212-216.
- Jansson, L.M., Dipietro, J.A., Velez, M., & al. (2009). Maternal methadone dosing schedule and fetal neurobehaviour. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medecine, 22(1), 29-35.
- Jones, H.E., Kaltenbach, K., Heil, S.H., & al. (2010). Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 2320-2331.
- Kakko, J., Gronbladh, L., Svanborg, K.D., & al. (2007). A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 797-803.
- Kakko, J., Heilig, M., Sarman, I. (2008). Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcome in two consecutive case series. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(1-2), 69-78.
- Khalsa, J.H., Elkashef, A. (2009). Drug interactions between antiretroviral medications and medications used in the treatment of drug addiction. Research needs. American Journal of Addiction, 19(1), 96-100.
- Krantz, M.J., Lewkowiev, L., Hays, H., & al. (2002). Torsade de pointes associated with very High dose methadone. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(6), 501-504.
- Krantz, M.J., Martin, J., Stimmel B., et al. (2009). QTc interval screening in méthadone treatment. Ann Inter Med, 150, 387-395.
- Lacroix, I., Berrebi, A., Chaumerliac, C., & al. (2004). Buprenorphine in pregnant opioid dependent women: first results of a prospective study. Addiction, 99(2), 209-214.
- Lamoureux, J., Lauzon, P., Lévesque, G.P., Palmer, D., Perreault, M., Perron, C. (2000). Citoyenneté et toxicomanie : point de vue des personnes touchées. Psychotropes. Revue internationale des toxicomanies, 6(4), 27-43.
- Lejeune, C., Simmat-Durand, L., Gourarier, L., Aubisson, S. (2006). Prospective multicenter observational study of 250 infants born to 259 opiate-dependent mothers on methadone or high-dose buprenorphine substitution. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(3), 250-257.
- Lifschitz, M.H., Wilson, G.S., O’Brian Smith, E., Desmond, M.M. (1985). Factors affecting head growth and intellectual function in children of drug addicts. Pediatrics, 75(2), 269-274.
- Lim, S., Prasad, M.R., Samuels, P., Gardner, D.K., Cordero, L. (2009). High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200(1), 70.e1-70.e5.
- Liu, P.Y., Swerdloff, R.S., Veldhuis, J.D. (2004). The rationale, efficacy and safety of androgen therapy in older men: future research and current practice recommendations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(10), 4789-4796.
- Matsumoto, A.M. (2003). Fundamental aspects of hypogonadism in the aging male. Reviews in Urology, 5(suppl. 1), S3-S10.
- Mattick, R.P., Ali, R., White, J.M., & al. (2003). Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Addiction, 98, 441-452.
- McCance-Katz, E.F., Rainey, P.M., Moody, D.E. (2009). Effect of cocaine use on buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in humans. American of Journal on Addictions, 19(1), 38-46.
- McCance-Katz, E.F., Jatlow, P., Rainey, P.M. (2009). Effect of cocaine use on methadone pharmacokinetics in humans. American of Journal on Addictions, 19(1), 47-52.
- Maxwell, J.C., McCance-Katz, E.F. (2009). Indicators of buprenorphine and methadone use and abuse: what do we know? American of Journal on Addictions, 19(1), 73-88.
- Messinger, D.S., Bauer, C.R., Das, A., & al. (2004). The maternal lifestyle study: cognitive, motor, and behavioural outcomes of cocaine-exposed and opiate-exposed infants through three years of age. Pediatrics, 113(6), 1677-1685.
- Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Vecchi, S., Davoli, M. (2008). Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, (2) CD 006318.
- Murphy, S., Irwin, J. (1992). Living with the dirty secret: problems of disclosure for methadone maintenance clients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24(3), 257-264.
- Naber, D., Haasen, C. (2006). The german model project for heroin asisted treatment of opioid dependent patients. Hamburg, Allemagne : Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research of Hamburg University (ZIS).
- Oviedo-Joekes, E., Brissette, S., Marsh, D.C., Lauzon, P., Guh, D., Anis, A., Schechter, M.T. (2009). Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(8), 777-786.
- Peles, E., Bodner, G., Kreek, M.J., & al. (2006). Corrected Qt intervals as related to methadone dose and serum level in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients: a cross-sectional study. Addiction, 102(2), 289-300.
- Pirnay, S., Borron, S.W., Giudicelli, C.P., & al. (1999). A critical review of the causes of death among post-mortem toxicological investigations: analysis of 34 buprenorphine-associated deaths and 35 methadone-associated deaths. Addiction, 99(8), 978-988.
- Pud, D., Cohen, D., Lawental, E., Eisenberg, E. (2006). Opioid and abnormal pain perception: new evidence from a study of chronic opioid addicts and healthy subjects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(3), 219-223.
- Raghu, K.-G., Singh, R., Prathapan, A., Yadav, G.-K. (2009). Modulation of haloperidol induced electrophysiological alterations on cardiac action potential by various risk factors and gender difference. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 180(3), 454-459.
- Rosenblum, A., Joseph, H., Fong, C., & al. (2003). Prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain among chemically dependent patients in methadone maintenance and residential treatment facilities. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(18), 2370-2378.
- Roy, E., Haley, N., Leclerc, P., & al. (2004). Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(5), 569-574.
- Sandtory, L., Reigstad, H., Bruaroy, S., & al. (2009). Substitution treatment of drug addicts during pregnancy: consequences for the newborn? Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening, 129(4), 287-290.
- Sansone, R.A., Whitecar, P., Wiederman, M.W. (2009). The prevalence of childhood trauma among those seeking buprenorphine treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 28(1), 64-67.
- Schottenfeld, R.S., Chawarski, M.C., Pakes, J.R., & al. (2005). Methadone versus buprenorphine with contingency management or performance feedback for cocaine and opioid dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 340-349.
- Shah, N., Lathrop, S.L., Landen, M.G. (2005). Unintentional methadone-related overdose death in New Mexico (USA) and implication for surveillance, 1998-2002. Addiction, 100(2), 176-188.
- Simmat-Durand, L., Lejeune, C., Gourarier, L. (2008). Pregnancy under high-dose buprenorphine. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 142(2), 119-123.
- Smyth, B., Hoffman, V., Fan, J., Hser, Y.I. (2007). Years of potential life lost among heroin addicts 33 years after treatment. Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 369-374.
- Sullivan, L.E., Metzger, D.S., Fudala, P.J., Fiellin, D.A. (2005). Decreasing international HIV transmission: the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction, 100(2), 150-158.
- Sullivan, L.E., Moore, B.A., O’Connor, P.G., & al. (2009). The association between cocaine use and treatment outcomes in patients receiving office-based buprenorphine/naloxone for the treatment of opioid dependence. American Journal on Addiction, 19(1), 53-58.
- Tajar, A., Forti, G., O’Neill, T.W., & al. (2010). Characteristics of secondary, primary and compensated hypogonadism in aging men: evidence from the european male ageing srudy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(4), 1810-1818.
- Teichtahl, H., Wang, D., Cunnington, D., & al. (2005). Ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. Chest, 128(3), 1339-1347.
- Uchtenhagen, A., Dobler-Mikola, A., Steffen, T., & al. (1999). Prescription of narcotics for heroin addicts. Main results of the Swiss national cohort study. Medical Prescription of Narcotics, 1.
- Valenciano, M., Emmanuelli, J., Lert, F. (2001). Unsafe injecting practices among attendees of syringe exchange programmes in France. Addiction, 96(4), 597-606.
- Van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V.M., Blanken, P., & al. (2003). Medical prescription of heroin to treatment resistant heroin addicts: two randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 327(310). doi :10.1136/bmj.327.7410.310.
- Vert, P., Hamon, I., Hubert, C., & al. (2008). Enfants de mères toxicomanes : les aléas de la substitution. Le bulletin de l’Académie nationale de Médecine, 192(5), 961-969.
- Wang, D., Teichtahl, H., Drummer, O., & al. (2005). Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. Chest, 128(3), 1348-1356.
- Wang, D., Teichthal, H., Goodman, C., & al. (2008). Subjective sleepiness and daytime function in patients on stable methadone maintenance treatment: possible mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 4(6), 557-562.
- Wedam, E.F., Bigelow, G.E., Johnson, R.E., & al. (2007). Qt interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(22), 2469-2475.
- Werb, D., Kerr, T., Marsh, D., Li, K., Montaner, J., Wood, E. (2008). Effect of methadone treatment on incarceration rates among injection drug users. European Addiction Research, 14(3), 143-149.
- Williams, S.G., Alinejad, N.A., Williams, J.A., Cruess, D.F. (2010). Statistically significant increase in weight caused by low-dose quetiapine. Pharmacotherapy, 30(10), 1011-1015.
- Winkbaur, B., Kopf, N., Jung, E., Thau, K., Fischer, G. (2008). Treating pregnant women dependent on opioids is not the same as treating pregnancy and opioid dependence: a knowledge synthesis for better treatment for women and neonates. Addiction, 103(9), 1429-1440.
- Wu, F.C.W., Tajar, A., Beynon, J., & al. (2010). Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 123-135.