Abstracts
Résumé
Dans le débat sur la décriminalisation du cannabis, ce sont les conséquences de la consommation de cette substance psychoactive qui interpellent les experts. Rarement s’interroge-t-on, toutefois, sur la nature de l’intoxication au cannabis. Or, un survol attentif de la littérature laisse entrevoir de multiples rapports entre les effets du cannabis et la phénoménologie de la schizophrénie.
Communément classé parmi les perturbateurs du système nerveux central, le cannabis possède des propriétés psychotomimétiques. Selon les circonstances, il peut produire des manifestations qui rappellent diverses dimensions de la schizophrénie. Alors que ses effets aigus évoquent les atteintes cognitives des schizophrènes, ses effets chroniques (le controversé syndrome d’amotivation) peuvent ressembler aux symptômes négatifs, et certains de ses effets adverses (la « psychose cannabique ») imitent les symptômes positifs de cette psychopathologie.
Incidemment, les schizophrènes seraient particulièrement sensibles au cannabis. En effet, la probabilité de développer un trouble de consommation de cannabis est environ six fois plus élevée chez le schizophrène que dans la population générale. Divers modèles tentent de rendre compte de cette comorbidité singulière, le principal étant celui de l’automédication. À l’encontre de ce modèle toutefois, la littérature rapporte que la consommation de cannabis accroît régulièrement l’incidence des rechutes psychotiques et des hospitalisations chez les schizophrènes.
Sur le plan biologique, des données préliminaires suggèrent l’existence de perturbations du système des cannabinoïdes endogènes chez le schizophrène. Dans cette foulée, la communauté scientifique espérait que le blocage du récepteur CB1, le principal récepteur des cannabinoïdes, agisse comme antipsychotique. Après l’échec clinique du rimonabant, un antagoniste CB1, la recherche se tourne maintenant vers les inhibiteurs de la recapture de l’anandamide, le cannabinoïde endogène le mieux connu.
Abstract
In the ongoing debate regarding the legal status of cannabis, much emphasis has been put on the consequences of this psychoactive substance. Much less attention has been paid, however, to the very nature of cannabis intoxication. Interestingly, following a close review of the literature, it appears that cannabis pharmacology shares much in common with schizophrenia.
Being a dysleptic, cannabis has psychotomimetic properties. According to the circumstances, it produces effects that remind diverse schizophrenic dimensions. Acutely, cannabis disrupts cognition similarly to what is observed in schizophrenia. Chronically, its effects (the controversial amotivational syndrome) show resemblance with the negative symptoms of this psychopathology. Among its adverse effects, cannabis can induce, in rare occasions, a transient psychosis that mimics the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Incidentally, schizophrenic patients seem to be particularly sensitive to cannabis. In fact, they are six times more likely to develop a cannabis disorder, compared to the general population. Different models try to explain this particular comorbidity, the principal one being the self-medication model. Against this hypothesis however, the data currently available demonstrates that cannabis consumption increases the rates of relapses and hospitalisations of schizophrenic patients.
On the biological level, some disturbances of the endogenous cannabinoid system in schizophrenic patients have been shown recently. Along these observations, the scientific community was hoping that the blockade of the CB1 receptor, the principal cannabinoid receptor, would act as an antipsychotic. However, rimonabant, a CB1 antagonist, has failed in a phase II clinical study. Researchers now shift their attention to uptake inhibitors of anandamide, the best known endocannabinoid.
Appendices
Références
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