Abstracts
Résumé
Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer si les agresseurs sexuels sadiques constituent une population hétérogène. Notamment, le premier objectif de cette étude consiste à déterminer s’il existe des groupes distincts d’agresseurs sadiques en fonction de la manière dont se manifestent leurs fantaisies sexuelles déviantes. Le second objectif à déterminer si les facteurs individuels ainsi que les caractéristiques du mode opératoire sont associés à des manifestations propres au sadisme. L’échantillon utilisé dans cette étude est composé de 735 délinquants sexuels sadiques évalués avec la Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Une analyse de classe latente a été utilisée pour évaluer l’hétérogénéité des comportements sadiques tandis qu’une analyse de validité externe a été utilisée pour confirmer le modèle. Les résultats ont montré que le sadisme sexuel peut se manifester selon quatre types distincts dans les crimes sexuels sadiques : le sadique violent, le sadique tortionnaire, le sadique dominateur et le sadique mutilant. De plus, ces différents types sont influencés par des caractéristiques individuelles et de modus operandi. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont discutées dans la conclusion.
Mots-clés :
- Sadisme,
- SeSaS,
- analyses en classes latentes,
- agressions sexuelles,
- typologie,
- manifestations du sadisme
Abstract
This study looks at whether sadistic sexual offenders constitute a heterogeneous population. We first determine if such offenders can be classified into distinct groups according to manifestations of their deviant sexual fantasies and then consider whether their individual characteristics and modus operandi are associated with specific manifestations of sadism. Our sample consisted of 735 sadistic sexual offenders assessed on the Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Latent class analysis was used to identify heterogeneity in sadistic behaviors while external validity analysis was used to confirm the model. Results show that sexual sadism can be categorized according to four distinct types of sadistic crimes that involve either violence, torture, domination, or mutilation. These different types of sexual sadism can be linked to individual and modus operandi characteristics. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed in the conclusion.
Keywords:
- Sadism,
- SeSaS,
- latent class analysis,
- sexual offending,
- typology,
- manifestations of sadism
Resumen
El presente estudio pretende determinar si los agresores sexuales sádicos constituyen una población heterogénea. Específicamente, el primer objetivo de este estudio consiste en establecer si los agresores sexuales pueden clasificarse en grupos distintos según la manera en que se manifiestan sus fantasías sexuales desviadas. El segundo objetivo del presente estudio es establecer si las características individuales y el modus operandi están asociados a manifestaciones específicas de sadismo. La muestra utilizada en este estudio se compone de 735 delincuentes sexuales sádicos evaluados con la Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Se ha utilizado un análisis de clases latentes para identificar la heterogeneidad de los comportamientos sádicos, mientras que para confirmar el modelo se ha usado un análisis de validez externa. Los resultados muestran que el sadismo sexual puede manifestarse atendiendo a cuatro patrones distintos : el sádico violento, el sádico torturador, el sádico dominador y el sádico mutilador. Además, estos distintos tipos se ven influenciados por las características individuales y del modus operandi. Tanto las implicaciones teóricas como prácticas son comentadas en la conclusión.
Palabras clave:
- Sadismo,
- SeSaS,
- análisis de clases latentes,
- agresión sexual,
- tipología,
- manifestaciones del sadismo
Appendices
Références
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5™ (5e éd.). Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Arrigo, B. A. et Purcell, C. E. (2001). Explaining paraphilias and lust murder : Toward an integrated model. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(1), 6-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X 01451002
- Beauregard, E., Chopin, J. et Darjee, R. (2020). Foreign object insertion in sexual homicide : A new perspective. Journal of interpersonal violence. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520976209
- Beauregard, E. et Proulx, J. (2002). Profiles in the offending process of nonserial sexual murderers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46(4), 386-399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X02464002
- Beech, A. et Harkins, L. (2012). DSM-IV paraphilia : Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(2012), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.008
- Beech, A., Oliver, C. J., Fisher, D. et Beckett, R. (2005). STEP 4 : The Sex Offender Treatment Programme in prison : Addressing the offending behaviour of rapists and sexual murderers. Prepared for HMPS (Her Majesty’s Prison Service). Londres, Royaume-Uni. Repéré à http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/assets/documents/100013DBStep_4_SOTP_report_2005.pdf
- Berger, P., Berner, W., Bolterauer, J., Gutierrez, K. et Berger, K. (1999). Sadistic personality disorder in sex offenders : Relationship to antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism. Journal of personality disorders, 13(2), 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1999.13.2.175
- Brittain, R. P. (1970). The sadistic murderer. Medicine, Science and the Law, 10(4), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580247001000402
- Byard, R. W. (2017). Implications of genital mutilation at autopsy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62(4), 926-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13366
- Chopin, J. et Beauregard, E. (2020a). Sexual sadism : its role in the crime-commission process of sexual homicide of children. Journal of interpersonal violence. Advanced Online Publication, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0886260520916844
- Chopin, J. et Beauregard, E. (2020b). The unusual victim : understanding the specific crime processes and motivations for elderly sexual homicide. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65(2), 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14208
- Chopin, J. et Beauregard, E. (2021a). Manifestations of Sadism in Sexual Homicide : A Criminological Contribution. Psychology, Crime et Law. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.2018442
- Chopin, J. et Beauregard, E. (2021b). Sadistic juvenile offenders : identifying clinical intervention dimensions based on sadism manifestations and criminogenic factors. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry et Psychology. Advance online publication, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2021.1909105
- Chopin, J., Beauregard, E. et Dietz, P. E. (2022). Death in Sadistic Sexual Crimes : A Neural Network Analysis of Factors Associated with a Lethal Outcome. Criminal Justice and Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548211066911
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2e éd.). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Collins, L. M. et Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis : With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.
- Darjee, R. (2019). Sexual sadism and psychopathy in sexual homicide offenders : an exploration of their associates in a clinical sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(9), 1738-1765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19836872
- DeLisi, M., Drury, A., Elbert, M., Tahja, K., Caropreso, D. et Heinrichs, T. (2017). Sexual sadism and criminal versatility : does sexual sadism spillover into nonsexual crimes ? Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 9(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-05-2016-0229
- Dietz, P. E., Hazelwood, R. R. et Warren, J. (1990). The sexually sadistic criminal and his offenses. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 18(2), 163-178.
- Dionne, E. et Fleuret, C. (2016). L’analyse de données secondaires dans le cadre d’évaluation de programme : regard théorique et expérientiel. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation / La Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 31(2), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.142.000
- Gonçalves, L. C., Rossegger, A., Gerth, J., Singh, J. P. et Endrass, J. (2020). Sexual sadism among sex offenders in Switzerland. Sexual Abuse, 32(1), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063218800473
- Gratzer, T. et Bradford, J. M. (1995). Offender and offense characteristics of sexual sadists : A comparative study. Journal of Forensic Science, 40(3), 450-455. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS13802J
- Healey, J., Lussier, P. et Beauregard, E. (2013). Sexual sadism in the context of rape and sexual homicide : an examination of crime scene indicators. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(4), 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12437536
- Hewitt, A. N., Beauregard, E. et Davies, G. (2016). An empirical examination of the victim-search methods utilized by serial stranger sexual offenders : A classification approach. Journal of interpersonal violence, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516675921
- Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R. et Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA : A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal, 14(4), 671-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10705510701575602
- Lanza, S. T., Flaherty, B. P. et Collins, L. M. (2003). Latent class and latent transition analysis. Dans J. A. Schinka et W. F. Velicer (dir.), Handbook of psychology : Vol. 2 Research methods in psychology (p. 663-685). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.
- Longpré, N., Guay, J.-P., Knight, R., A. et Benbouriche, M. (2018). Sadistic offender or sexual sadism ? Taxometric evidence for a dimensional structure of sexual sadism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(2), 403-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1068-4
- Longpré, N., Guay, J.-P. et Knight, R. A. (2019). MTC sadism scale : toward a dimensional assessment of severe sexual sadism with behavioral markers. Assessment, 26(1), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117737377
- Lord, A. et Perkins, D. E. (2014). Assessing and treating sexual offenders with mental disorders. Journal of Forensic Practice, 16(2), 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-02-2013-0012
- Marshall, W. L. et Kennedy, P. (2003). Sexual sadism in sexual offenders : an elusive diagnosis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00052-0
- Mellor, L. (2017). Sexually Sadistic Homicide Offenders. Dans J. Swart et L. Mellor (dir.), Homicide : A Forensic Psychology Casebook (p. 125-161). Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press.
- Mieczkowski, T. et Beauregard, E. (2010). Lethal outcome in sexual assault events : a conjunctive analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(3), 332-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902960105
- Mokros, A., Schilling, F., Eher, R. et Nitschke, J. (2012). The severe sexual sadism scale : cross-validation and scale properties. Psychological assessment, 24(3), 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026419
- Morgan, L., Brittain, B. et Welch, J. (2012). Multiple perpetrator sexual assault : How does it differ from assault by a single perpetrator ? Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(12), 2415-2436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511433514
- Myers, W. C. (2002). Juvenile sexual homicide. Cambridge, MA : Academic Press.
- Myers, W. C., Burket, R. C. et Husted, D. S. (2006). Sadistic personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 34(1), 61-71.
- Nitschke, J., Mokros, A., Osterheider, M. et Marshall, W. L. (2013). Sexual sadism : Current diagnostic vagueness and the benefit of behavioral definitions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(12), 1441-1453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12465923
- Nitschke, J., Osterheider, M. et Mokros, A. (2009). A cumulative scale of severe sexual sadism. Sexual Abuse, 21(3), 262-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063 209342074
- Oswald, P., Ducro, C., Alvarez, L. et Pham, T. (2019). Évaluation du sadisme sexuel sévère dans un population médico-légale. Validation francophone de la Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS) [Evaluation of severe sexual sadism in a forensic population. French validation of the Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS)]. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 177(9), 884-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2018.03.013
- Petersen, K. J., Qualter, P. et Humphrey, N. (2019). The Application of Latent Class Analysis for Investigating Population Child Mental Health : A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychology, 10(1214). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01214
- Petreca, V. G., Burgess, A. W., Stone, M. H. et Brucato, G. (2020). Dismemberment and Mutilation : A Data-Driven Exploration of Patterns, Motives, and Styles. Journal of Forensic Sciences. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14274
- Proulx, J., McKibben, A. et Lusignan, R. (1996). Relationships between affective components and sexual behaviors in sexual aggressors. Sexual Abuse, 8(4), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02260164
- Reale, K., Beauregard, E. et Martineau, M. M. (2017). Sadism in sexual homicide offenders : identifying distinct groups. Journal of criminal psychology, 7(2), 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCP-11-2016-0042
- Reale, K., Beauregard, E. et Martineau, M. M. (2020). Is investigative awareness a distinctive feature of sexual sadism ? Journal of interpersonal violence, 35(7-8), 1761-1778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517698824
- Ressler, R. K., Burgess, A. W. et Douglas, J. (1988). Sexual homicide : patterns and motives. New York, NY : Free Press.
- Rossmo, K. (2000). Geographic profiling. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press.
- Schwartz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 461-464.
- Warren, J., Hazelwood, R. R. et Dietz, P. E. (1996). The sexually sadistic serial killer. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(6), 970-974. https://doi.org/10.1520/jfs14033j