Abstracts
Résumé
Les études portant sur les crimes et les lieux ont toujours insisté sur l’importance de comprendre le profil spatial des crimes à l’aide d’unités d’analyse de plus en plus réduites. Même si de nombreuses études ont adopté cette perspective, peu se sont intéressées spécifiquement aux crimes à caractère sexuel. La présente étude se sert des données d’incidents enregistrés par la police pour étudier la distribution spatiale des infractions sexuelles ayant eu lieu entre le 1er janvier 2016 et le 31 décembre 2018 à Austin, au Texas (N = 1381). Les infractions ont d’abord été divisées selon l’âge des victimes (enfant ou adulte) et le type d’acte sexuel perpétré (infraction sexuelle avec pénétration, avec contact et sans contact), ensuite trois mesures de concentration spatiale, des analyses de noyaux de densité et des analyses de dispersion spatiale ont été réalisées. Les résultats montrent que les infractions sexuelles commises contre des enfants et des adultes étaient concentrées dans l’espace, mais que leur degré de concentration dépendait du type d’acte commis. De plus, les analyses de dispersion spatiale semblent montrer que les segments de rue (et les intersections) où ont lieu de telles infractions diffèrent en fonction de la nature de l’acte sexuel perpétré. Les implications pour la prévention situationnelle et le maintien de l’ordre (policing) seront discutées.
Mots-clés :
- Infraction sexuelle,
- crimes et lieux,
- concentration spatiale,
- analyses de dispersion spatiale,
- maintien de l’ordre
Abstract
The crime and place literature has consistently emphasized the importance of understanding spatial patterns of crime using increasingly smaller spatial units of analysis. Despite a growing number of studies using this perspective, very few have investigated sexual offences specifically. The current study uses police event data to investigate the spatial distribution of sexual offences from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, in the city of Austin, Texas (N=1381). After disaggregating offences, first by victim age (child versus adult) and then by type of sexual act (penetration, sexual contact, and sexual non-contact), three measures of spatial clustering, kernel density analyses, and a spatial point pattern test were used. Findings indicate that sexual offences perpetrated against children and adults were spatially concentrated but the degree to which they clustered depended on the type of sexual act committed. Spatial point pattern findings suggest that the street segments (and intersections) affected by sexual crime differed according to the nature of the sexual act committed. Implications for situational crime prevention and policing are discussed.
Keywords:
- Sexual offences,
- crime and place,
- spatial concentrations,
- spatial point pattern test,
- policing
Resumen
Los estudios sobre los lugares y los crímenes siempre han insistido sobre la importancia de entender el perfil espacial de los crímenes, con la ayuda de unidades de análisis de talla decrecientes. A pesar de que esta perspectiva de análisis ha ganado en popularidad, pocos trabajos se han interesado en los crímenes de naturaleza sexual específicamente. Este estudio utiliza datos de incidentes guardados por la policía, para estudiar el perfil espacial de las infracciones sexuales que tuvieron lugar entre el primero de enero del 2016 y el 31 de diciembre del 2018, en Austin, en Texas (N = 1381). Primero, las infracciones son clasificadas según la edad de las víctimas (niños o adultos). Luego, lo son por el tipo de acto sexual perpetuado (penetración, contacto sexual e infracciones sexuales sin contacto). Esta clasificación fue realizada gracias a tres medidas de agrupamiento espacial, a un análisis de estimación de kernel, y a una prueba de patrón espacial puntual. Los resultados indican que las infracciones sexuales cometidas contra niños y adultos estaban concentradas en el espacio, pero que su grado de concentración depende del tipo de acto cometido. Además, las pruebas de patrones espaciales puntuales parecen mostrar que los segmentos de calle (y las intersecciones) en donde tienen lugar tales infracciones son diferentes en función de la naturaleza del acto sexual perpetuado. Gracias a estos datos, sigue una discusión respecto a la prevención situacional del crimen y al mantenimiento del orden.
Palabras clave:
- Infracción sexual,
- lugares y crímenes,
- concentración espacial,
- pruebas de patrones especiales puntuales,
- mantenimiento del orden
Appendices
Références
- Amir, M. (1971). Patterns in forcible rape. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
- Andresen, M. A. (2006). Crime measures and the spatial analysis of criminal activity. British Journal of Criminology, 46, 258-285. doi : 10.1093/bjc/azi054
- Andresen, M. A. (2009). Testing for similarity in area-based spatial patterns : A nonparametricmonte carlo approach. Applied Geography, 29(3), 333-345. doi : 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.12.004
- Andresen, M. A. (2015). Identifying changes in spatial patterns from police interventions : The importance of multiple methods of analysis. Police Practice and Research, 16(2), 148-160. doi : 10.1080/15614263.2014.972612
- Andresen, M. A. (2016). An area-based nonparametric spatial point pattern test : The test, its applications, and the future. Methodological Innovations, 9, 1-11.
- Andresen, M. A., Curman, A. S. N. et Linning, S. J. (2017). The trajectories of crime at places : Understanding the patterns of disaggregated crime types. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33, 427-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9301-1
- Andresen, M. A. et Linning, S. J. (2012). The (in) appropriateness of aggregating across crime types. Applied Geography, 35(1), 275-282.
- Andresen, M. A. et Malleson, N. (2011). Testing the stability of crime patterns : Implications for theory and policy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 58-82. doi : 10.1177/0022427810384136
- Bachman, R. (1998). The factors related to rape reporting behavior and arrest. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25, 8-29.
- Balemba, S. et Beauregard, E. (2013). Where and when ? Examining spatiotemporal aspects of sexual assault events. Journal of Sexual Aggression : An International, Interdisciplinary Forum for Research, Theory, and Practice, 19, 171-190.
- Bouffard, J. A. (2000). Predicting type of sexual assault case closure from victim, suspect, and case characteristics. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 527-542.
- Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V. et Hureau, D. M. (2010). The concentration and stability of gun violence at micro places in Boston, 1980-2008. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 33-53.
- Brantingham, P. J. et Brantingham, P. L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications.
- Ceccato, V. (2014). The nature of rape places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 97-107. doi : 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.05.006
- Ceccato, V., Guangquan, L. et Haining, R. (2018). The ecology of outdoor rape : The case of Stockholm, Sweden. European Journal of Criminology, 16(2), 210-236. doi : 10.1177/1477370818770842
- Chainey, S. et Ratcliffe, J. H. (2005). GIS and crime mapping. Chichester, Royaume-Uni : Wiley.
- Cohen, L. E. et Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends : A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588-608.
- Department of Justice. (2017). National crime victimization survey, 2010-2016. Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Deslauriers-Varin, N. et Beauregard, E. (2013). Investigating offending consistency of geographic and environmental factors among serial sex offenders : A comparison of multiple analytical strategies. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(2), 156-179. doi : 10.1177/0093854812467948
- Deslauriers-Varin, N. et Beauregard, E. (2014a). Consistency in crime site selection : An investigation of crime sites used by serial sex offenders across crime series. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 123-133. doi : 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.09.005
- Deslauriers-Varin, N. et Beauregard, E. (2014b). Unravelling crime series patterns amongst serial sex offenders : Duration, frequency, and environmental consistency. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 11(3), 253-275. doi : 10.1002/jip.1418
- Duwe, G., Donnay, W. et Tewksbury, R. (2008). Does residential proximity matter ? A geographic analysis of sex offence recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(4), 484-504. doi : 10.1177/0093854807313690
- Eck, J. E. et Weisburd, D. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. Dans J. E. Eck et D. Weisburd (dir.), Crime and place : Crime prevention studies (vol. 4, p. 1-34). Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press.
- Elliott, M., Browne, K. et Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention : What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(5), 579-594.
- Estrich, S. (1987). Real rape. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
- Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L. E., Cullen, F. T. et Turner, M. G. (2003). Acknowledging sexual victimization as rape : Results from a national-level study. Justice Quarterly, 20, 535-574.
- Greenberg, M. A. et Ruback, R. B. (1992). After the crime : Victim decision making. New York, NY : Plenum.
- Gurugnanam, B. (2009). Geographic information system. New Delhi, Inde : New India Publishing Agency.
- Hewitt, A. et Beauregard, E. (2014). Offending patterns of serial sex offenders : Escalation, de-escalation, and consistency of sexually intrusive and violent behaviours. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 11(1), 57-80.
- Hewitt, A. N., Beauregard, E. et Andresen, M. A. (2017). Dangerous places : Examining the spatial distribution and stability of sexual crime over time [Manuscrit soumis pour publication]. School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Texas State University.
- Hewitt, A. N., Beauregard, E., Andresen, M. A. et Brantingham, P. L. (2018). Identifying the nature of risky places for sexual crime : The applicability of crime pattern and social disorganization theories in a Canadian context. Journal of Criminal Justice, 57, 35-46. doi : 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.03.003
- Hibdon, J. et Groff, E. R. (2014). What you find depends on where you look : Using emergency medical services call data to target illicit drug use hot spots. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 169-185.
- Jones, J. S., Wynn, B. N., Kroeze, B., Dunnuck, C. et Rossman, L. (2004). Comparison of sexual assaults by strangers versus known assailants in a community-based population. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(6), 454-459.
- LaFree, G. D. (1989). Rape and criminal justice : The social construction of sexual assault. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.
- Leclerc, B., Chiu, Y.-N., Cale, J. et Cook, A. (2016). Sexual violence and abuse against women through the lens of environmental criminology : Evidence-based knowledge, personal security and situational prevention. European Journal of Research and Criminal Policy, 22, 593-617.
- Leclerc, B. et Felson, M. (2016). Routine activities preceding adolescent sexual abuse of younger children. Sexual Abuse : A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(2), 116-131.
- Leclerc, B., Wortley, R. et Smallbone, A. (2010). Investigating mobility patterns for repetitive sexual contact in adult child sex offending. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 648-656. doi : 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.038
- Lizotte, A. J. (1985). The uniqueness of rape : Reporting assaultive violence to the police. Crime & Delinquency, 31, 169-190.
- Lundrigan, S., Czarnomski, S. et Wilson, M. (2010). Spatial and environmental consistency in serial sexual assault. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 7, 15-30. doi : 10.1002/jip.100
- Lussier, P., Leclerc, B., Healey, J. et Proulx, J. (2007). Generality of deviance and predation : Crime-switching and specialization patterns in persistent sexual offenders. Dans M. Delisi et P. Conis (dir.), Violent offenders : Theory, public policy and practice (p. 97-140). Boston, MA : Jones & Bartlett.
- McDermott, J. (1979). Rape victimization in 26 American cities. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Melo, S. N., Beauregard, E. et Andresen, M. A. (2019). Factors related to rape reporting behavior in Brazil : Examining the role of spatio-temporal factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(10), 2013-2033.
- Melo, S. N., Matias, L. F. et Andresen, M. A. (2015). Crime concentrations and similarities in spatial crime patterns in a Brazilian context. Applied Geography, 62, 314-324.
- Morabito, M. S., Williams, L. M. et Pattavina, A. (2019). Decision making in sexual assault cases : Replication research on sexual violence case attrition in the U.S. Repéré à https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252689.pdf
- Muldoon, K., Galway, L., Drum, A., Leach, T., Heimerl, M. et Sampsel, K. (2019). Geographies of sexual assault : Using geographic information system analysis to identify neighbourhoods affected by violence. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(S1), S105.
- Robinson, W. S. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15, 351-357.
- Santtila, P., Junkkila, J. et Sandnabba, K. (2005). Behavioural linking of stranger rapes. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2, 87-103. doi : 10.1002/jip.26
- Shaw, J., Campbell, R., Cain, D. et Feeney, H. (2017). Beyond surveys and scales : How rape myths manifest in sexual assault police records. Psychology of Violence, 7(4), 602-614. doi : 10.1037/vio0000072
- Shaw, C. R. et McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas : A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
- Sherman, L. W. et Weisburd, D. L. (1995). General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime “hot spots” : A randomized, controlled trial. Justice Quarterly, 12, 625-648.
- Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R. et Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime : Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27-56.
- Smallbone, S. et Wortley, R. (2000). Child sexual abuse in Queensland : Offender characteristics and modus operandi. Brisbane, Australie : Queensland Crime Commission and Queensland Police Service.
- Spohn, C. et Tellis, K. (2012). The criminal justice system’s response to sexual violence. Violence Against Women, 18(2), 169-192. doi : 10.1177/1077801212440020
- Spohn, C., White, C. et Tellis, K. (2014). Unfounding sexual assault : Examining the decision to unfound and identifying false reports. Law & Society Review, 48(1), 161-192. Repéré à http://www.jstor.org/stable/43670379
- Stock, K. et Guesgen, H. (2016). Geospatial reasoning with open data. Dans R. Layton et P. A. Watters (dir.), Automating open source intelligence : Algorithms for OSINT (p. 171-204). Waltham, MA : Syngress.
- Vaughan, A. D., Hewitt, A. N., Andresen, M. A. et Brantingham, P. L. (2016). Exploring the role of the environmental context in the spatial distribution of calls-for-service associated with emotionally disturbed persons. Policing, 10(2), 121-133. doi : 10.1093/police/pav040
- Weisburd, D. (2015). The law of crime concentration and the criminology of place. Criminology, 53, 133-157.
- Weisburd, D., Bushway, S., Lum, C. et Yang, S. (2004). The law of concentrations of crime at places : A longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle. Criminology, 42(2), 283-321.
- Weisburd, D., Cave, B., Nelson, M., White, C., Haviland, A., Ready, J.,… Sikkema, K. (2018). Mean streets and mental health : Depression and PTSD at crime hot spots. American Journal of Community Psychology, 61(3-4), 285-295. doi : 10.1002/ajcp.12232
- Weisburd, D. et Eck, J. E. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear ? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 42-65.
- Weisburd, D., Eck, J. E., Braga, A. A., Telep, C. W., Cave, B., Bowers, K.,… Yang, S.-M. (2016). Place matters : Criminology for the twenty-first century. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press.
- Weisburd, D. et Mazerolle, L. G. (2000). Crime and disorder in drug hot spots : Implications for theory and practice in policing. Police Quarterly, 3(3), 331-349.
- Weisburd, D., Morris, N. A. et Groff, E. R. (2009). Hot spots of juvenile crime : A longitudinal study of arrest incidents at street segments in Seattle, Washington. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(4), 443-467.
- Williams, L. S. (1984). The classic rape : When do victims report ? Social Problems, 31, 459-467.
- Wortley, R. et Smallbone, S. (2006). Applying situational principles to sexual offences against children. Dans R. Wortley et S. Smallbone (dir.), Crime prevention studies : Vol. 19. Situational prevention of child sexual abuse (p. 7-35). Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press.
- Wuschke, K. E. (2016). Planning for crime : Exploring the connections between urban space, development and patterns of crime (Thèse de doctorat, Université Simon Fraser). Repéré à https://summit.sfu.ca/item/16308