Abstracts
Résumé
Les recherches portant sur la réinsertion sociale et le désistement ont coexisté jusqu’ici dans une mésalliance. Les tensions entre les deux domaines pourraient être dues aux différentes perspectives théoriques mises en avant pour expliquer les processus de changement. Traditionnellement, les chercheurs en réinsertion sociale s’intéressent aux effets des interventions offertes à l’intérieur du système de justice pénale, ceux qui s’intéressent au désistement mettent plutôt l’accent sur les changements qui ont lieu en dehors de celles-ci, comme les changements dans les circonstances sociales et l’agentivité. Les études portant sur le désistement assisté ont récemment commencé à faire le pont entre les deux en se penchant sur les effets des interventions offertes par le système de justice pénale sur les processus de désistement. La présente étude cherche à contribuer à ce domaine de recherche émergent en produisant une réflexion critique sur les mécanismes du désistement assisté en Irlande, et surtout sur le rôle du suivi probatoire. Elle effectuera un survol des politiques et pratiques existantes et présentera des données de recherche empiriques explorant les conséquences du suivi probatoire sur le processus de désistement. La conclusion de l’article amènera une discussion sur la manière dont la présente recherche contribue aux savoirs sur le désistement assisté.
Mots-clés :
- Désistement assisté,
- désistement,
- réinsertion,
- suivi probatoire,
- Irlande
Abstract
Research on rehabilitation and on desistance has traditionally coexisted in an uneasy alliance. For the most part, these tensions can be attributed to the use of different theoretical lenses to view change processes. While rehabilitation researchers typically focus on the impact of interventions within the criminal justice system, desistance researchers tend to emphasize changes that take place outside the criminal justice system, including changes in social circumstances and personal agency. Assisted desistance scholars have recently begun to bridge the gap by exploring the impact of criminal justice interventions on desistance processes. The current paper contributes to this emerging field by providing a critical reflection on mechanisms of assisted desistance in Ireland, with a particular focus on the role of probation supervision. It provides a brief overview of the probation policy and practice landscape and presents empirical research findings that explore the impact of probation supervision on desistance and concludes with a discussion of how this research contributes to knowledge about assisted desistance.
Keywords:
- Assisted desistance,
- desistance,
- rehabilitation,
- probation supervision,
- Ireland
Resumen
La investigación sobre la rehabilitación y el desistimiento han coexistido tradicionalmente en una alianza complicada. La mayor parte del tiempo, estas tensiones pueden ser atribuidas al uso de diferentes lentes teóricas para ver procesos de cambio. Mientras que los investigadores de la rehabilitación se enfocan típicamente en el impacto de las intervenciones dentro del sistema de justicia criminal, los investigadores del desistimiento tienden a enfatizar los cambios que tienen lugar por fuera del sistema de justicia criminal, incluyendo los cambios en las circunstancias sociales y el agenciamiento personal. Los académicos del desistimiento asistido empezaron recientemente a colmar el vacío, explorando el impacto de las intervenciones de la justicia criminal en los procesos de desistimiento. Este articulo busca contribuir a este campo emergente, proveyendo una reflexión crítica sobre los mecanismos del desistimiento asistido en Irlanda, con un enfoque particular en el rol de la supervisión de la libertad condicional. El artículo provee una breve descripción del panorama de la política y de la práctica de libertad condicional, y presenta resultados empíricos de investigación que exploran el impacto de la supervisión de la libertad condicional sobre el desistimiento. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre cómo esta investigación contribuye al conocimiento sobre el desistimiento asistido.
Palabras clave:
- Desistimiento asistido,
- desistimiento,
- rehabilitación,
- supervisión de la probación,
- Irlanda
Appendices
Références
- Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J. et Wormith, J. S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model : Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention ? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(7), 735-755.
- Betts-Symonds, G. (2012). Community based health and first aid in action in Irish prisons : Three-year evaluation. Dublin, Irlande : Irish Red Cross.
- Bottoms, A. et Shapland, J. (2019). Introducing “desistance” into criminal justice supervision policies and practices. Dans S. Farrall (dir.), The architecture of desistance (p. 249-277). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Bottoms, A., Shapland, J., Costello, A., Holmes, D. et Muir, G. (2004). Towards desistance : Theoretical underpinnings for an empirical study. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4), 368-389.
- Bracken, D. (2016). Ethnicity, identity and criminal justice. Dans D. Healy, C. Hamilton, Y. Daly et M. Butler (dir.), Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology (p. 575-592). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge
- Brandon, A. M. et O’Connell, M. (2017). Same crime, different punishment ? Investigating sentencing disparities between Irish and non-Irish nationals in the Irish criminal justice system. The British Journal of Criminology, 58(5), 1127-1146.
- Burke, L., Collett, S. et McNeill, F. (2018). Reimagining rehabilitation : Beyond the individual. Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Bushway, S. D. et Apel, R. (2012). A signaling perspective on employment-based reentry programming : Training completion as a desistance signal. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(1), 21-50.
- Cafferty, S., McCarthy, O. et Power, C. (2016). Difficult risk and reward : The development of social enterprise within the criminal justice sector in Ireland – Some policy implications. Irish Probation Journal, 13, 22-39.
- Case, S. et Haines, K. (2015). Children first, offenders second : The centrality of engagement in positive youth justice. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 54(2), 157-175.
- Central Statistics Office. (2019). Probation Recidivism 2011 and 2012 Cohorts. Repéré à https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pr/probationrecidivism2011and2012cohorts/
- Department of Justice and Equality. (2017). Social Enterprise Strategy 2017-2019. Repéré à http://www.justice.ie/EN/PB/WebPages/WP17000016
- Department of Justice and Equality. (2018). Social Enterprise Strategy 2017-2019 Mid Term Review. Repéré à https://www.irishprisons.ie/social-enterprise-strategy-2017-2019-mid-term-review/
- Durnescu, I. (2011). Pains of probation : Effective practice and human rights. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(4), 530-545.
- Durnescu, I., Kennefick, L., Sucic, I. et Glavak Tkalic, R. (2018). Experiencing offender supervision in Europe : The Eurobarometer. Lessons from the pilot study. Probation Journal, 65(1), 7-26.
- Fader, J. J. et Traylor, L. L. (2015). Dealing with difference in desistance theory : The promise of intersectionality for new avenues of inquiry. Sociology Compass, 9(4), 247-260.
- Farrall, S. (2002). Rethinking what works with offenders. Cullompton, Royaume-Uni : Willan.
- Fitzgibbon, W. et Healy, D. (2019). Lives and spaces : Photovoice and offender supervision in Ireland and England. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 19(1), 3-25.
- Hamilton, C. (2014). Reconceptualizing penality : Towards a multidimensional measure of punitiveness. British Journal of Criminology, 54(2), 321-343.
- Healy, D (2019). Structuring desistance : Exploring socio-cultural pathways to change in Ireland. Dans S. Farrall (dir.), The architecture of desistance (p. 140-160). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Healy, D. (2012a). The dynamics of desistance : Charting pathways through change. Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge
- Healy, D. (2012b). Advise, assist and befriend : Can probation supervision support desistance ? Social Policy & Administration, 46(4), 377-394.
- Healy, D. (2013). Changing fate ? Agency and the desistance process. Theoretical Criminology, 17(4), 557-574.
- Healy, D. (2014). Becoming a desister : Exploring the role of agency, coping and imagination in the construction of a new self. British Journal of Criminology, 54(5), 873-891.
- Healy, D. (2015). The evolution of probation supervision in the Republic of Ireland : Continuity, challenge and change. Dans G. Robinson et F. McNeill (dir.), Community punishment : European perspectives (p. 136-155). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Healy, D. (2016). “I’ve always tried but I hadn’t got the willpower” : Understanding pathways to desistance in the Republic of Ireland. Dans J. Shapland, S. Farrall et A. Bottoms (dir.), Global perspectives on desistance : Reviewing what we know and looking to the future (p. 50-65). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Healy, D. (2019). Exploring socio-cultural pathways to change in Ireland. Dans S. Farrall (dir.), The architecture of desistance (p. 181-202). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Healy, D. et Kennefick, L. (2019). Hidden voices : Practitioner perspectives on the early histories of probation in Ireland. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 19(3), 346-363.
- Hucklesby, A., Maguire, N., Anagnostaki, M. et Cid, J. (2018). Legitimacy, fairness and justice in breach processes : Comparative perspectives. Dans M. Boone et N. Maguire (dir.), The enforcement of offender supervision in Europe : Understanding breach processes (p. 77-105). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Irish Prison Service & Probation Service. (2018). Joint Irish Prison Service/ Probation Service Strategic Plan 2018-2020. Repéré à http://www.probation.ie/en/PB/Pages/WP18000026
- King, S. (2013). Assisted desistance and experiences of probation supervision. Probation Journal, 60(2), 136-151.
- Kirk, D. S. et Wakefield, S. (2018). Collateral consequences of punishment : A critical review and path forward. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 171-194.
- Laub, J. H. et Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives. Delinquent boys to age 70. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Harvard University Press.
- Laws, D. et Ward, T. (2011). Desistance from sex offending : Alternatives to throwing away the keys. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Guilford Press.
- Leiber, M., Peck, J. et Beaudry-Cyr, M. (2016). When does race and gender matter ? The interrelationships between the gender of probation officers and juvenile court detention and intake outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 33(4), 614-641.
- Liebling, A., Price, D. et Elliott, C. (1999). Appreciative inquiry and relationships in prison. Punishment and Society, 1(1), 71-98.
- Maguire, N. (2018). Non-compliance and breach processes in Ireland : A pilot study. Irish Probation Journal, 15, 47-69
- Maruna, S. (2001). Making good : How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
- McNeill, F., Farrall, S., Lightowler, C. et Maruna, S. (2012). How and why people stop offending : Discovering desistance. Glasgow, Royaume-Uni : Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services.
- McPherson, K., Gibson, B. et Leplege, A. (2015). Rethinking rehabilitation : Theory and practice. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press.
- O’Donnell, I. (2019). Penal culture in Ireland. Dans D. Farrell et N. Hardiman (dir.), The Oxford Handbook of Irish Politics. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339893
- O’Reilly, M. F. (2014). Opening doors or closing them ? The impact of incarceration on the education and employability of ex‐offenders in Ireland. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 53(5), 468-486.
- O’Sullivan, R., Hart, W. et Healy, D. (2018). Transformative rehabilitation : Exploring prisoners’ experiences of the Community Based Health and First Aid Programme in Ireland. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9396-z
- Phillips, J. (2017). Towards a rhizomatic understanding of the desistance journey. The Howard Journal of Crime & Justice, 56(1), 92-104.
- Rex, S. (1999). Desistance from offending : Experiences of probation. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 366-383.
- Robinson, G. et Crow, I. D. (2009). Offender rehabilitation : Theory, research and practice. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Sage.
- Rodermond, E., Kruttschnitt, C., Slotboom, A. et Bijleveld, C. (2016). Female desistance : A review of the literature. European Journal of Criminology, 13(1), 3-28.
- Weaver, B. (2013). Co-producing desistance : Who works to support desistance ? Dans I. Durnescu et F. McNeill (dir.), Understanding penal practice (p. 193-205). Abingdon, Royaume-Uni : Routledge.
- Probation of Offenders Act. (1907).