Abstracts
Résumé
On perçoit généralement les gangs comme étant un phénomène essentiellement masculin, presque emblématique du caractère rebelle des garçons, mais les gangs sont composés d’une part importante de filles. Les dernières données indiquent qu’au moins le quart des membres de gangs sont des filles. Cet article s’intéresse aux perspectives théoriques sur le genre présentes dans les recherches traditionnelles sur les gangs et propose d’aborder le phénomène des gangs sous l’angle de la criminologie féministe afro-américaine et des études sur les trajectoires de vie des femmes. Privilégiant les études qui visent spécifiquement le genre et l’ethnicité, l’article se penche ensuite sur les circonstances qui incitent les filles à se joindre aux gangs. Il est essentiel d’analyser ce phénomène en fonction du rôle de la victimisation, surtout la victimisation sexuelle, tant sur le plan des causes que des conséquences de l’adhésion des filles aux gangs. Les tensions et les divisions au sein de la famille, l’influence des relations entre filles et membres de gangs sur la décision de joindre le gang, la consommation d’alcool ou de drogue (et le risque accru de victimisation) ou un milieu scolaire et un quartier défavorisé caractérisé par la violence, sont autant de facteurs qui incitent les jeunes filles à se joindre aux gangs.
Mots-clés :
- Gangs,
- genre,
- ethnicité,
- victimisation,
- trajectoires de vie
Abstract
Gangs are often assumed to be a largely male phenomenon – almost emblematic of male defiance. However the best available data suggest that at least one quarter of the youth in gangs are girls. This article reviews the gendered theoretical legacy of traditional gang research and suggests that it is necessary to look at gangs through the lens of gendered pathways research and Black feminist criminology. It then explores the contexts that lead girls to gang membership, focusing on research that intentionally considers gender and race. Critical to this discussion of girls in gangs is the role of victimization, particularly sexual victimization, in both causes and consequences of girls’ involvements with such groups. Other themes that emerge are the key roles that family tension and disunity play in girls joining gangs, the role that girl’s relationships with gang members play in their choice to join gangs, the role that substance abuse plays (and the ways this uniquely exposes girls to risk for victimization), and finally the ways that deteriorated schools and violent neighborhoods tend to push girls into gangs.
Keywords:
- Gangs,
- gender,
- ethnicity,
- victimization,
- life trajectory
Resumen
Generalmente, las pandillas callejeras son percibidas como un fenómeno esencialmente masculino, casi emblemático del carácter rebelde de los varones, pero las pandillas están compuestas en gran parte de chicas. Los últimos datos indican que al menos la quarta parte de los miembros de pandillas son mujeres. El presente artículo aborda las perspectivas teóricas sobre el género presentes en las investigaciones tradicionales sobre las pandillas callejeras y propone abordar el fenómeno de éstas bajo el ángulo de la criminología feminista afro-americana y de los estudios sobre las trayectorias de vida de las mujeres. Este artículo se centra sobre los estudios que tratan específicamente del género y de la etnicidad, para volcarse luego sobre las circunstancias que incitan a las chicas a unirse a las pandillas callejeras. Es esencial el analizar este fenómeno en función del rol de la victimización, sobre todo de la victimización sexual, tanto en el plano de las causas, como en el de las consecuencias de la adhesión de las chicas a las bandas. Las tensiones y las divisiones en el seno de la familia, la influencia que pueden tener las relaciones entre las chicas y los miembros de las pandillas con respecto a la decisión de unirse a la pandillas callejeras, el consumo de alcohol o de drogas (que conlleva un riesgo incrementado de victimización) o un ámbito escolar sumado a un barrio desfavorecido, caracterizado por la violencia, son algunos de los factores que incitan a las jóvenes a unirse a las pandillas.
Palabras clave:
- Pandillas,
- género,
- etnicidad,
- victimizaciòn,
- trayectorias de vida
Appendices
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