Abstracts
Résumé
La plupart des enfants et des adolescents qui commettent des actes délinquants ne persistent pas dans la criminalité une fois à l’âge adulte. Ainsi, on conçoit qu’il y a dans l’environnement immédiat des facteurs qui protègent les enfants et les adolescents à risque. Or, la documentation sur les facteurs de protection montre des lacunes. Notamment, très peu d’études nous renseignent sur les fondements conceptuels et méthodologiques qui encadrent l’examen de ces facteurs. Cet article synthétise les connaissances sur la base de travaux empiriques sur les facteurs de protection associés aux comportements antisociaux et criminels et propose d’examiner les considérations conceptuelles, méthodologiques et les limites des études sélectionnées susceptibles d’influencer les facteurs découverts. Les résultats montrent qu’un grand nombre de facteurs de protection ont été identifiés. Le manque d’uniformité dans les résultats reflète le caractère exploratoire des études, mais aussi la quasi-absence de validation des facteurs découverts. Parmi les questions méthodologiques abordées, l’importance des caractéristiques de la population est mise en évidence. Sur la base de nos résultats, des pistes de recherche sont proposées, notamment de considérer l’hétérogénéité des populations qui affichent des risques élevés de criminalité à l’âge adulte. Les connaissances sur des facteurs de protection sont nécessaires pour éclairer les décisions politiques concernant l’investissement dans les programmes visant à prévenir la criminalité dès la petite enfance.
Mots-clés :
- Facteurs de protection,
- délinquance,
- comportements antisociaux,
- synthèse des connaissances
Abstract
Most children and adolescents who engage in antisocial behaviour and delinquency do not continue to display these behaviours in adulthood. Therefore, there are factors in the natural environment that protect children-at-risk from becoming adult offenders. However, few studies have examined protective factors and the conceptual and methodological foundations for studying protective factors remain poorly developed. This article presents a review of empirical studies of factors that prevent antisocial and criminal behavior and the conceptual, limits and methodological issues that determine what factors are identified. Results show that a large number of protective factors have been identified. The lack of consistency in the findings reflects the exploratory nature of the studies and the virtual absence of replication studies. Among the methodological issues addressed, the importance of population characteristics is highlighted. Based on findings from the review, implications for future studies of protective factors are proposed, including the importance of taking account of the heterogeneity of children and adolescents at risk to offend in adulthood. Knowledge of protective factors is needed to inform policy decisions regarding investment in early childhood programs aimed at preventing criminal behaviour.
Keywords:
- Protective factors,
- delinquency,
- antisocial behaviour,
- knowledge synthesis
Resumen
La mayoría de los niños y adolescentes que cometen actos delictivos no persisten en la criminalidad en la edad adulta. Así, concebimos que existen en al ambiente inmediato, factores que protegen a los niños y a los adolescentes en riesgo. Ahora bien, la literatura sobre los factores de protección presenta lagunas; en especial, escasos estudios nos informan sobre los fundamentos conceptuales y metodológicos que encuadran el estudio de dichos factores. El presente artículo sintetiza los conocimientos, basándose en los trabajos empíricos sobre los factores de protección asociados a los comportamientos antisociales y criminales, y propone realizar un examen de las consideraciones conceptuales, metodológicas, y de los límites de los estudios seleccionados, susceptibles de influenciar los factores descubiertos. Los resultados muestran la identificación de un gran número de factores de protección. La falta de uniformidad en los resultados refleja el carácter exploratorio de los estudios, pero también, prácticamente la ausencia de validación de los factores descubiertos. Entre las cuestiones metodológicas abordadas, la importancia de las características de la población es puesta en evidencia. Basados en nuestros resultados, proponemos pistas de investigación, especialmente, de considerar la heterogeneidad de las poblaciones que presentan riesgos elevados de criminalidad a la edad adulta. Los conocimientos sobre los factores de protección son necesarios para esclarecer las decisiones políticas que conciernen la inversión en programas que apuntan a prevenir la criminalidad desde la temprana infancia.
Palabras clave:
- Factores de protección,
- delincuencia,
- conductas antisociales,
- síntesis de conocimientos
Appendices
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