Abstracts
Résumé
L’existence de différences sexuelles sur le plan du comportement antisocial est un fait largement répandu et accepté en criminologie, et ce, depuis la naissance de cette discipline. Bien que depuis une trentaine d’années les chercheurs se soient intéressés plus que jamais à la recherche théorique et empirique du comportement antisocial des femmes, force est de constater que les criminologues n’ont pas encore pleinement exploré la diversité des types de délinquance féminine. Notre examen des causes et des conséquences de la délinquance féminine s’appuie sur trois postulats de base : 1) la population délinquante est hétérogène 2) l’existence de types distincts de délinquantes est le produit de processus causaux qui sont à la fois communs et distincts et 3) les conséquences à long terme de la délinquance varient selon le type de délinquantes. Les données autorapportées ont été recueillies à partir d’un échantillon de répondantes interrogées en 1982, alors qu’elles étaient adolescentes, et subséquemment en 1992, alors qu’elles avaient atteint l’âge adulte. Nos analyses ont décelé des facteurs étiologiques uniques et communs à l’ensemble des types de délinquantes, ainsi que des événements de vie variant en fonction d’une diversité de dimensions comportementales, personnelles et interpersonnelles. Nos résultats font ressortir qu’une consommation de drogues durant l’adolescence a des effets particulièrement délétères chez les femmes lors du passage de l’adolescence à l’âge adulte.
Abstract
The gender difference in antisocial behaviour has been an accepted fact in criminology since the birth of the discipline. Although the past thirty years have seen more theorizing and research on antisocial behaviour among females than at any previous time, criminologists have yet to fully explore the diversity of types that make up the female offender population. Our examination of the causes and consequences of female offending begins with three basic assumptions: 1) a heterogeneity of types characterizes the offending population 2) distinct offender types are the product of both shared and unique causal processes and 3) the longterm consequences of offending vary among offender types. Self-report data were gathered from a sample of female respondents interviewed in 1982 when they were adolescents, and subsequently in 1992 when they were young adults. Our analyses identify both common and unique etiologies among several distinct types of offenders, as well as differential life course outcomes along a variety of behavioural, personal and interpersonal dimensions. Our findings are noteworthy in suggesting that adolescent drug use has particularly deleterious effects for females as they transition to young adulthood.
Appendices
Références
- Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime. New York : McGraw-Hill.
- Ageton, S. (1983). The dynamics of female delinquency, 1976-1980. Criminology, 21, 555-584.
- Agnew, R. (1984). Autonomy and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 27 (2), 219-240.
- Barker, G.H., & Adams, W.T. (1962). Comparison of the delinquencies of boys and girls. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 53, 470-475.
- Berger, R. (1989). Female delinquency in the emancipation era : a review of the literature. Sex Roles, 21, 375-399.
- Boyer, D., & Fine, D. (1992). Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 4-11.
- Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., & Farrington, D. (1988). Criminal careers research : its value for criminology. Criminology, 26, 1-35.
- Brownfield, D., & Sorenson, A. (1987). A latent structure of delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3 (2), 103-124.
- Bureau of the Census (1980). Alphabetical index of industries and occupations (1st edition), 1980 census of population. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, Government Printing Office.
- Campbell, A. (1981). Girl delinquents. New York : St. Martin’s Press.
- Cernkovich, S., & Giordano, P. (1979). A comparative analysis of male and female delinquency. The Sociological Quarterly, 20, 131-145
- Cernkovich, S., & Giordano, P. (1992). School bonding, race, and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 261-291.
- Cernkovich, S., & Giordano, P. (2001). Stability and change in antisocial behavior : the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. Criminology, 39, 371-410.
- Chassin, L., Pitts, S., & Prost, J. (2002). Binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood in a high-risk sample : predictors and substance abuse outcomes. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 70 (1), 67-78.
- Chung, I., Hill, K., Hawkins, J.D., Gilchrist, L., & Nagin, D. (2002). Childhood predictors of offense trajectories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 60-90.
- Clinard, M., & Quinney, R. (1973). Criminal behavior systems : a typology, 2nd edition. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Côté, S., Zoccolillo, M., Tremblay, R., Nagin, D., & Vitaro, F. (2001). Predicting girls’ conduct disorder in adolescence from childhood trajectories of disruptive behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 678-684.
- DeMaris, A., & Kaukinen, C. (2005). Violent victimization and women’s mental and physical health. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, à paraître.
- Dunforth, F., & Elliott, D. (1984). Identifying career offenders using self-reported data. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 57-86.
- D’Unger, A., Land, K., & McCall, P. (2002). Sex differences in age patterns of delinquent/criminal careers : results from Poisson latent class analyses of the Philadelphia cohort study. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 349-375.
- D’Unger, A., Land, K., McCall, P., & Nagin, D. (1998). How many latent classes of delinquent/criminal careers ? Results from mixed Poisson regression analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 1593-1630.
- Elliott, D., & Ageton, S. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45, 95-110.
- Elliott, D., David, H., & Ageton, S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage.
- Farrington, D., & Hawkins, J.D. (1991). Predicting participation, early onset and later persistence in officially recorded offending. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1, 1-33.
- Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., & Nagin, D. (2000). Offending trajectories in a New Zealand birth cohort. Criminology, 38, 525-551.
- Fergusson, D., Lynskey. M., & Horwood, J. (1996). Factors associated with continuity and changes in disruptive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 533-553.
- Gibbons, D. (1985). The assumption of the efficacy of middle-range explanations : typologies. In R. Meier (ed.), Theoretical Methods in Criminology. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage.
- Gorman, D.M. (1996). Etiological theories and the primary prevention of drug use. Journal of Drug Issues, 26 (2), 505-521.
- Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1986). The true value of lambda would appear to be zero : an essay on career criminals, criminal careers, selective incapacitation, cohort studies, and related topics. Criminology, 24, 213-234.
- Giordano, P., & Cernkovich, S. (1979). On complicating the relationship between liberation and delinquency. Social Problems, 26, 467-481.
- Hawkins, J.D., Graham, J., Maguin, E., Abbott, R., Hill. K., & Catalano, R. (1997). Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 280-290.
- Heinen, T. (1996). Latent class analysis and discrete latent trait models : similarities and differences. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
- Kaukinen, C. (2002). Adolescent victimization and problem drinking. Violence and Victim, 17, 669-689.
- Lazarsfeld, P., & Henry, N. (1965). Latent structure analysis. Boston : Houghton-Mifflin.
- Le Blanc, M. (1997). A generic control theory of the criminal phenomenon : the structural and dynamic statements of an integrative multilayered control theory. In T. Thornberry (ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (215-85). New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publications.
- Lanctôt, N., & Le Blanc, M. (2002). Les trajectoires marginales chez les adolescentes judiciarisées : continuité et chargement. Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique, 53, 46-68.
- Lanctôt, N., & Le Blanc, M. (2002). Explaining deviance by adolescent females. In M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice : A Review of Research, 29 (113-202). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- Loeber, R. (1996). Developmental continuity, change, and pathways in male juvenile problem behaviors and delinquency. In J.D. Hawkins (ed.), Delinquency and crime : current theories (1-27). New York : Cambridge University Press.
- Loeber, R., & Le Blanc, M. (1990). Toward a developmental criminology. In M. Tonry et N. Morris (eds), Crime and justice : an annual review of research, vol. 12. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
- Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. (1998). Never too early, never too late : risk factors and successful interventions for serious and violent juvenile offenders. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7 (1), 7-30.
- Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W., & Farrington, D. (1991). Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 36-82.
- Lombroso, C., & Ferrero, W. (1916). The female offender. New York : Philosophical Society.
- Long, S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications.
- Long, S., & McGinnis, R. (1981). Organization Context and Scientific Productivity. American Sociological Review, 46, 422-442.
- McCord, J. (1993). Gender issues. In C. Culliver (ed.), Female criminality : the state of the art (105-118). New York : Garland.
- McCutcheon, A. (1987). Latent class analysis. Newbury Park : Sage.
- McLachlan, G., & Basford, K. (1988). Misture models : inference and applications to clustering. New York : M. Dekker.
- Moffitt, T. (1993). Adolescent limited and life course-persistent antisocial behavior : a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
- Moffitt, T. (1997). Neuropsychology, antisocial behavior, and neighborhood context. In J. McCord (ed.), Violence and childhood in the inner city. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Silva, P., & Stanton, W. (1996). Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct in males : natural history from age 3 to 18. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 399-424.
- Nagin, D., & Land, K. (1993). Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity : specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed Poisson model. Criminology, 31, 327-362.
- Nagin, D., & Paternoster, R. (1991). On the relationship of past and future participation in delinquency. Criminology, 29, 163-189.
- Nagin, D., & Paternoster, R. (2000). Population heterogeneity and state dependence : state of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 117-144.
- Newcomb, M., & Jack, L. (1995). Drug use, agency, and communality : causes and consequences among adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9 (1), 67-82.
- Norland, S., Wessel, R.C., & Shover, N. (1981). Masculinity and delinquency. Criminology, 19, 421-433.
- Parker, D., Harford, T., & Rosenstock, I. (1994). Alcohol, other drugs, and sexual risk-taking among young adults. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6 (1), 87-93.
- Patterson, G. (1996). Some characteristics of a developmental theory for early-onset delinquency. In M. Lenzenweger & J.J. Haugaard (eds), Frontiers of developmental psychopathology (81-124). New York : Oxford University Press.
- Patterson, G., & Yeorger, K. (1993). Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In S. Hodgins (ed.), Mental disorder and crime. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
- Reige, M.G. (1972). Parental affection and juvenile delinquency in girls. British Journal of Criminology, 12, 55-73.
- Robins, L.N. (1986). The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In D. Olweus, J. Block & M. Radkey-Yarrow (eds), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (385-414). Orlando : Academic Press.
- Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
- Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course : the salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55, 609-627.
- Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1993). Crime in the making : pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
- Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1997). A life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency. In T.P. Thornberry (ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency : advances in criminological theory, vol. 7. New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers.
- Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (2003). Life-course desisters ? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41, 555-592.
- Sliverthorn, P., & Frick, P. (1999). Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior : the delayed-onset pathway in girls. Development and Psychology, 11, 101-126.
- Sliverthorn, P., Frick, P., & Reynolds, R. (2001). Timing of onset and correlates of severe conduct problems in adjudicated girls and boys. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 171-181.
- Simon, R. (1975). Women and crime. Lexington, MA : Lexington Books.
- Smith, C., & Brown, J. (1998). Sexual behaviors, extroversion, and alcohol use among college students. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education, 44 (1), 70-79.
- Steffensmeier, D. (1980). Sex differences in patterns of adult crime, 1965-1977. A review and assessment. Social Forces, 57, 566-584.
- Steffensmeier, D., & Allen, E. (1988). Sex disparities in arrests by residence, race, and age : an assessment of the gender convergence/crime hypothesis. Justice Quarterly, 5, 53-80.
- Steffensmeier, D., & Streifel, C. (1993). Trends in female crime, 1960-1990. In C. Culliver (ed.), Female criminality : The state of the art (63-101). New York : Garland.
- Stein, J.A., & Newcomb, M. (1999). Adult outcomes of adolescent conventional and agentic orientations : a 20-year longitudinal study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19 (1), 39-65.
- Tracy, P., Wolfgang, M., & Figlio, R. (1990). Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts. New York : Plenum.
- Wallace, J.M., Jr., Bachman, J.G., O’Malley, P.M., Schulenberg, J.E., Cooper, S.M., & Johnston, L.D. (2003). Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th and 12th grade students, 1976-2000. Addiction, 98, 225-234.
- West, D.J., & Farrington, D.P. (1973). Who Becomes Delinquent ? London : Heinemann.
- West, D.J., & Farrington, D.P. (1977). The Delinquent Way of Life. London : Heinemann.
- Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- Wolfgang, M., Figlio, R., Tracy, P., & Singer, S. (1985). The national survey of crime severity. U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics.