Abstracts
Abstract
Recognizing that biodiversity loss and climate change are twin crises, urban regions across the world are seeking to implement biodiversity strategies through specific forms of urban governance embedded in existing institutional legacies. To understand the effects of metropolitan institutions on the governance of urban biodiversity, we examine the institutional and regional structures of Canada’s two most populous metropolitan regions, Greater Montreal and Greater Toronto. This article compares the distinct policy consequences of the institutional set-up of Greater Montreal and Greater Toronto. This includes understanding how a second tier of government in Montreal (the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal), which sets biodiversity protection and conservation targets in the Montreal region, contrasts with the Toronto region, whose larger region is more directly governed by the Province of Ontario. Drawing on both the work of Elinor Ostrom on metropolitan governance and interviews with urban actors in both urban areas under consideration, we show how fragmented institutional arrangements are dominated by provincial management (as the case is for the Toronto region), and lead to worse outcomes for biodiversity.
Keywords:
- biodiversity,
- governance,
- metropolitan,
- policy,
- federalism,
- Montreal,
- Toronto
Résumé
Reconnaissant que la perte de biodiversité et les changements climatiques sont des crises jumelles, les régions métropolitaines du monde entier cherchent à mettre en œuvre des stratégies de biodiversité par le biais de formes spécifiques de gouvernance métropolitaine ancrées dans les héritages institutionnels existants. Pour comprendre les effets des institutions métropolitaines sur la gouvernance de la biodiversité urbaine, nous examinons les structures institutionnelles et régionales des deux régions métropolitaines les plus peuplées du Canada, le Grand Montréal et le Grand Toronto. Cet article compare les conséquences politiques distinctes de la structure institutionnelle du Grand Montréal et du Grand Toronto. Il tente d’améliorer notre compréhension de la manière dont un deuxième palier de gouvernement à Montréal (la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal), qui fixe les objectifs de protection et de conservation de la biodiversité dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal, contraste avec la région de Toronto, dont la plus grande région est plus directement gouvernée par la Province de l'Ontario. En nous appuyant à la fois sur les travaux d'Elinor Ostrom sur la gouvernance métropolitaine et sur des entretiens avec des acteurs urbains dans les deux régions métropolitaines étudiées, nous démontrons comment des arrangements institutionnels fragmentés sont dominés par la gestion provinciale (comme c'est le cas pour la région de Toronto), et conduisent à des résultats moins bons pour la biodiversité.
Mots-clés :
- biodiversité,
- gouvernance,
- métropole,
- politiques,
- fédéralisme,
- Montréal,
- Toronto
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Appendices
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