Abstracts
Abstract
Faculty development in medical education is often delivered in an ad hoc manner instead of being a deliberately sequenced program matched to data-informed individual needs. In this article, the authors, all with extensive experience in Faculty Development (FD), present a competency-based faculty development (CBFD) framework envisioned to enhance the impact of FD. Steps and principles in the CBFD framework reflect the lessons learned from competency-based medical education (CBME) with its foundational goal to better train physicians to meet societal needs. The authors see CBFD as a similar framework, this one to better train faculty to meet educational needs. CBFD core elements include: articulated competencies for the varied educational roles faculty fulfill, deliberately designed curricula structured to build those competencies, and an assessment program and process to support individualized faculty learning and professional growth. The framework incorporates ideas about where and how CBFD should be delivered, the use of coaching to promote reflection and identity formation and the creation of communities of learning. As with CBME, the CBFD framework has included the important considerations of change management, including broad stakeholder engagement, continuous quality improvement and scholarship. The authors have provided examples from the literature as well as challenges and considerations for each step.
Résumé
Dans l’enseignement médical, le perfectionnement du corps professoral se fait souvent de façon ad hoc et non dans le cadre d’un programme structuré en fonction des besoins individuels définis sur la base de données. Dans cet article, les autrices, qui ont toutes une vaste expérience en matière de perfectionnement du corps professoral (PCP), présentent un cadre pour le perfectionnement fondé sur les compétences (PCPFC) visant à renforcer les effets du PCP. Les étapes et les principes de ce cadre reflètent les enseignements tirés de la formation médicale fondée sur les compétences (FMFC), dont l’objectif fondamental est de former les médecins de façon à ce qu’ils puissent répondre aux besoins de la société. De manière analogue, le cadre PCPFC viserait à mieux former le corps professoral pour qu’il puisse répondre aux besoins éducatifs. Les éléments centraux du cadre comprennent la définition des compétences pour chacun des rôles que les enseignants remplissent, la création de programmes de formation structurés et axés sur le développement de ces compétences et l’élaboration d’un programme d’évaluation ainsi qu’un processus pour soutenir de manière individualisée l’apprentissage et la croissance professionnelle des enseignants. Le cadre présente des idées sur les modalités des formations de PCPFC, sur l’environnement dans lequel elles interviennent, sur l’utilisation du coaching pour promouvoir la réflexion et la construction d’identité et sur la création de communautés d’apprentissage. Tout comme la FMFC, le cadre du PCPFC répond aux importants enjeux liés à la gestion du changement, y compris l’engagement des parties prenantes, l’amélioration continue de la qualité et la recherche. Les autrices proposent des exemples tirés de la littérature scientifique et passent en revue les défis et les points importants à considérer pour chaque étape.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Kornegay JG, Kraut A, Manthey D, et al. Feedback in medical education: a critical appraisal. AEM Educ Train. 2017; 1: 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10024
- Frank JR, Snell LS, Cate OT, et al. Competency-based medical education: theory to practice. Med Teach. 2010;32(8):638-45. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2010.501190
- Fitzgerald JT, Burkhardt JC, Kasten SJ, et al. Assessment challenges in competency-based education: a case study in health professions education. Med Teach. 2016; 38:5: 482-490, https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2015.1047754
- Dath D, Iobst W. The importance of faculty development in the transition to competency-based medical education. Med Teach. 2010;32(8):683-6. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2010.500710
- Sirianni G, Glover Takahashi S, Myers J. Taking stock of what is known about faculty development in competency-based medical education: a scoping review paper. Med Teach. 2020; 42 (8): 909-915. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1763285
- Walsh A, Koppula S, Antao V, et al. Preparing teachers for competency-based medical education: fundamental teaching activities, Med Teach. 2018; 40(1): 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1394998
- Academy of Medical Educators. Professional standards (3rd edn, 2014). Cardiff: Academic of Medical Educators. 2014.
- Srinivasan M, Li S-TT, Meyers FJ, et al. Teaching as a competency: Competencies for medical educators. Acad Med: 2011; 86 (10): 1211-122. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31822c5b9a
- Dewey CM, Jonker G, ten Cate O, Turner T. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for teachers in medical education: has the time come? Med Teach. 2017; 39 (8): 894-896, https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2016.1270447
- Favreau MA, Tewksbury L, Lupi C, Cutrer WB, Jokela JA, Yarris LM. AAMC core entrustable professional activities for entering residency faculty development concept group. Constructing a shared mental model for faculty development for the core entrustable professional activities for entering residency. Acad Med. 2017;92(6):759-764. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001511
- Yilmaz Y, Carey R, Chan T, et al. Developing a dashboard for faculty development in competency-based training programs: a design-based research project. CMEJ. 2021Sep.15; 12(4):48-64. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.72067
- Schultz KW, Griffiths J. Implementing competency-based medical education in a postgraduate family medicine residency training program: a stepwise approach, facilitating factors, and processes or steps that would have been helpful. Acad Med. 2016; 91 (5): 685-689 https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001066
- Van Melle E, Frank JR, Holmboe ES, Dagnone D, Stockley D, Sherbino J. International competency-based medical education collaborators. a core components framework for evaluating implementation of competency-based medical education programs. Acad Med. 2019 Jul;94(7):1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002743
- Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med. 1990;65:S63-S67. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199009000-00045
- Orr CJ, Sonnadara RR. Coaching by design: exploring a new approach to faculty development in a competency-based medical education curriculum. Adv. Med Educ Pract. 2019; 10: 229-244. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S191470
- Steinhart Y. Faculty development in health professions: a focus on research and practice. New York; Springer. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7612-8
- Schreurs ML, Huveneers W, Dolmans D. Communities of teaching practice in the workplace: evaluation of a faculty development programme. Med Teach. 2016; 38 (8): 808-814. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2015.1112892
- Cantillon P, Dornan T, De Grave W. Becoming a clinical teacher: identity formation in context. Acad Med. 2019; 94(10):1610-1618. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002403
- O'Sullivan PS, Irby DM. Educator identity formation: a faculty development workshop. MedEdPORTAL. 2021 Jan 7;17:11070. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11070
- de Carvalho-Filho MA, Tio RA, Steinert Y. Twelve tips for implementing a community of practice for faculty development. Med Teach. 2020; 42 (2): 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1552782
- The Association of American Medical Colleges. MedEd Portal. https://www.mededportal.org/. [Accessed Oct. 27, 2021].
- Kotter JP. Leading change: why transformation efforts fail. Harv Bus Rev. March/April 1995:110.
- Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. J Pers and Soc Psych. 1999; 77(6): 1121-1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
- Dann R. Assessment as learning: blurring the boundaries of assessment and learning for theory, policy and practice. Assess Ed. 2014; 21(2): 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2014.898128
- Foucault ML, Vachon B, Thomas A, Rochette A, Giguère CÉ. Utilisation of an electronic portfolio to engage rehabilitation professionals in continuing professional development: results of a provincial survey. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(13):1591-1599. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1300335
- Fraser, A.B., Stodel, E.J., Jee, R. et al. Preparing anesthesiology faculty for competency-based medical education. Can J Anesth 2016; 63: 364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-016-0739-2
- Lockyer J, Bursey F, Richardson D, Frank JR, Snell L, Campbell C; ICBME Collaborators. Competency-based medical education and continuing professional development: a conceptualization for change. Med Teach. 2017; 39(6):617-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1315064
- Sargeant J, Wong BM, Campbell CM. CPD of the future: a partnership between quality improvement and competency-based education. Med Educ. 2018 Jan;52(1):125-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13407
- Vygotsky LS. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1978
- Kolomitro K, Hamilton J, Leslie K, et al. Viewing faculty development through an organizational lens: sharing lessons learned. Med Teach. 2021; 43(8):894-899. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1931078