Abstracts
Abstract
This paper examines one way that colonial logic is embedded in western academic practices. It argues that the conventional dichotomy between primary and secondary sources in the humanities and social sciences reflects western monocultural hegemony in its application to non-western knowledges. In these fields, primary sources are treated as objects, analysed as evidence, and used as data, while secondary sources get to act as subjects and are engaged with as experts. This paper identifies a problematic dynamic where Indigenous authorities whose expertise does not align with western academic norms are categorised and used as primary sources, thereby stripping them of their agency and subjectivity. Their knowledge is extracted, commodified, and appropriated for the benefit of the west. Further, the paper critiques the role of librarians and archivists in perpetuating this colonial logic through their instruction practices and professional frameworks and standards, especially around primary source literacy and evaluating authority. These practices promulgate monocultural tools through which knowledge is extracted and evaluated. This paper calls on librarians to critically assess their role in maintaining colonial structures that continue to marginalise Indigenous Knowledge.
Keywords:
- evaluating information,
- Indigenous knowledges,
- information literacy,
- knowledge organization,
- primary source literacy,
- ways of knowing
Résumé
Cet article analyse une manière dont la logique coloniale est ancrée dans les pratiques académiques occidentales. Il soutient que la dichotomie conventionnelle entre les sources primaires et secondaires en sciences humaines et sociales reflète l'hégémonie monoculturelle occidentale dans son application aux savoirs non occidentaux. Dans ces domaines, les sources primaires sont traitées comme des objets, analysées comme des preuves et utilisées comme des données, tandis que les sources secondaires agissent comme des sujets et sont engagées en tant qu'expert.e.s. Cet article identifie une dynamique problématique dans laquelle les autorités autochtones dont l'expertise ne correspond pas aux normes académiques occidentales sont catégorisées et utilisées comme sources primaires, les privant ainsi de leur agence et de leur subjectivité. Leurs savoirs sont extraits, marchandisés et appropriés au profit de l'Occident. De plus, l'article critique le rôle des bibliothécaires et des archivistes dans la perpétuation de cette logique coloniale à travers leurs pratiques d'enseignement et leurs cadres et normes professionnels, en particulier autour de l'alphabétisation aux sources primaires et l’évaluation de l'autorité Ces pratiques promulguent des outils monoculturels à travers lesquels les savoirs sont extraits et évalués. Cet article appelle les bibliothécaires à évaluer de manière critique leur rôle dans le maintien des structures coloniales qui continuent de marginaliser les savoirs autochtones.
Mots-clés :
- évaluation de l'information,
- maîtrise de l'information,
- maîtrise des sources primaires,
- modes de connaissance,
- organisation des connaissances,
- savoirs autochtones
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Biographical notes
Alexander Watkins is the Art & Architecture Librarian and an associate professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. His information literacy research focuses on the inclusive evaluation of authority, ethics in visual literacy, and innovative practices in teaching art research. He investigates equity and inclusion in scholarly discourse and library collections, notably as a co-collaborator in creating the Anti-Racist Collections Workbook.
Kathryn Randall, PhD, is an Interdisciplinary Librarian at the University of Colorado Boulder who supports researchers in the subject areas of Linguistics and Native American and Indigenous Studies. Her research interests focus on information literacy and primary source instruction with a focus on non-Western and decolonized forms of knowledge, authority, and language. This curiosity stems from her experience with the creative, pedagogical challenges of embedding primary source materials across interdisciplinary curricula to cultivate students’ information literacy.
Bibliography
- Accardi, Maria T. 2013. Feminist Pedagogy for Library Instruction. Library Juice Press.
- ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries). 2015. Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework.
- Andrews, Nicola. 2018. “Reflections on Resistance, Decolonization, and the Historical Trauma of Libraries and Academia.” In The Politics of Theory and the Practice of Critical Librarianship, edited by Karen P. Nicholson and Maura Seale. Library Juice Press.
- Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2000. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers. 2nd ed. Longman.
- Archibald, Jo-Ann, Jenny Lee-Morgan, Jason De Santolo, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. 2019. Decolonizing Research: Indigenous Storywork as Methodology. London: ZED Books.
- Badhe, Anne. 2013. “The History Labs: Integrating Primary Source Literacy Skills into a History Survey Course.” Journal of Archival Organization. 11 (3-4): 175-204.
- Badke, William. 2017. “Post-Truth, False News, and Information Literacy.” Online Searcher. https://www.infotoday.com/OnlineSearcher/Articles/InfoLit-Land/PostTruth-False-News-and-Information-Literacy-119319.shtml.
- Baer, Andrea. 2018. “It’s All Relative? Post-Truth Rhetoric, Relativism, and Teaching on ‘Authority as Constructed and Contextual.’” College & Research Libraries News 79 (2): 72. https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.79.2.72.
- Ball, Tanya and Kayla Lar-Son. 2021. "Relationality in the Classroom: Teaching Indigenous LIS in a Canadian Context." portal: Libraries and the Academy 21(2):205-218. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2021.0012.
- Ballenger, Bruce P. 2009. The Curious Researcher: A Guide to Writing Research Papers. 6th ed. Longman.
- Barnhardt, Ray, and Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley. 2005. “Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 36 (1): 8–23.
- Bartow, Joanna, and Pamela Mann. 2020. “Reimagining Epistemologies: Librarian-Faculty Collaboration to Integrate Critical Information Literacy into Spanish Community-Based Learning.” Currents in Teaching & Learning 11 (2). https://webcdn.worcester.edu/currents-in-teaching-and-learning/wp-content/uploads/sites/65/2022/05/Currents-Volume-11-Issue-02-Spring-2020.pdf#page=16.
- Battista, Andrew, Dave Ellenwood, Lua Gregory, et al. 2015. “Seeking Social Justice in the ACRL Framework.” Communications in Information Literacy 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.15760/comminfolit.2015.9.2.188.
- Bizup, Joseph. 2008. “BEAM: A Rhetorical Vocabulary for Teaching Research-Based Writing.” Rhetoric Review 27 (1): 72–86.
- Blakeslee, Sarah. 2004. “The CRAAP Test.” Loex Quarterly 31 (3): 4.
- Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 2016. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Chandler, Daniel, and Rod Munday. 2020. “Informant.” In A Dictionary of Media and Communication. Oxford University Press.
- Daines, J. Gordon, III, Maggie Gallup Kopp, and Dainan M. Skeem. 2022. “Bridging the Gap: Competencies for Teaching with Primary Sources.” portal: Libraries & the Academy. 22 (4), 855–878. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2022.0045.
- Delgadillo, Roberto, and Beverly P. Lynch. 1999. “Future Historians: Their Quest for Information.” College & Research Libraries 60 (3). https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.60.3.245.
- Deloria, Vine, Jr. 1999. Spirit and Reason: The Vine Deloria, Jr. Reader. Fulcrum Publishing.
- Donovan, Carrie, and Sara O’Donnell. 2013. “The Tyranny of Tradition: How Information Paradigms Limit Librarians’ Teaching and Student Scholarship.” In Information Literacy and Social Justice: Radical Professional Praxis, edited by Lua Gregory and Shana Higgins. Library Juice Press.
- Dudley, Michael, and April Blackbird. 2021. “Uncovering Indigenous Knowledge at the Cultural Interface: Liaison-led Initiatives to Decolonize Academic Library Collections.” In Approaches to Liaison Librarianship: Innovations in Organization and Engagement, edited by Robin Canuel and Chad Crichton. Association of College & Research Libraries.
- Edwards, Ashley. 2019. "Unsettling the Future by Uncovering the Past: Decolonizing Academic Libraries and Librarianship." Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 14(1). https://doi.org/10.21083/partnership.v14i1.5161.
- Given, Lisa. 2008. “Historical Research.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications.
- Gosart, Ulia. 2021. “Indigenous Librarianship: Theory, Practices, and Means of Social Action.” International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 47 (3): 293–304.
- Harris, Joseph. 2017. Rewriting: How to Do Things with Texts. 2nd ed. Utah State University Press.
- Harris, Michelle, Bronwyn Carlson, and Evan Poata-Smith. 2013. “Indigenous Identities and the Politics of Authenticity.” In The Politics of Identity: Emerging Indigeneity, edited by Michelle Harris, Martin Nakata, and Bronwyn Carlson. UTS ePRESS.
- Hofer, Amy R., Lori Townsend, Korey Brunetti. 2012. “Troublesome Concepts and Information Literacy: Investigating Threshold Concepts for IL Instruction.” portal: Libraries and the Academy 12 (4): 387-405.
- Holopainen, Jari, Samuli Helama, and Henry Väre. 2023. “The Written History of Plant Phenology: Shaping Primary Sources for Secondary Publications.” The Science of Nature 110 (34): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-023-01861-w.
- Hurley, David, Sarah Kostelecky, and Paulita Aguilar. 2017. "Whose Knowledge? Representing Indigenous Realities in the Library and Archival Collections." Collection Management 42(3-4): 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/01462679.2017.1392805.
- Junka-Aikio, Laura and Catalina Cortes-Severino. 2017. “Cultural Studies of Extraction.” Cultural Studies 31(2-3): 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2017.1303397.
- Kragh, Helge S. 1987. An Introduction to the Historiography of Science. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622434.
- Kumar, Krishan. 2021. “Colony and Empire, Colonialism and Imperialism: A Meaningful Distinction?” Comparative Studies in Society and History 63(2): 280-309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417521000050.
- Lambert, Lorelei A. 2014. Research for Indigenous Survival: Indigenous Research Methodologies in the Behavioral Sciences. Salish Kootenai College Press.
- Library of Congress. 2020. “What Is a Primary Source?” Ask a Librarian. August 17, 2020. https://ask.loc.gov/faq/303148.
- Lilley, Spencer. 2021. "Transformation of Library and Information Management: Decolonization or Indigenization?" International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 47(3): 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352211023071.
- Littletree, Sandra, Nicola Andrews, and Jessie Loyer. 2023. “Information as a Relation: Defining Indigenous Information Literacy.” Journal of Information Literacy 17 (2): 4–23. https://doi.org/10.11645/17.2.8.
- Loyer, Jessie. 2018. “Indigenous Information Literacy: nêhiyaw Kinship Enabling Self-Care in Research.” In The Politics of Theory and the Practice of Critical Librarianship, edited by Karen P. Nicholson and Maura Seale. Library Juice Press.
- Mandalios, Jane. 2013. “RADAR: An Approach for Helping Students Evaluate Internet Sources.” Journal of Information Science 39 (4): 470–478.
- Movono, Apisalome, Anna Carr, Emma Hughes, et al. 2021. “Indigenous Scholars Struggle to Be Heard in the Mainstream. Here’s How Journal Editors and Reviewers Can Help.” The Conversation. April 11, 2021. http://theconversation.com/indigenous-scholars-struggle-to-be-heard-in-the-mainstream-heres-how-journal-editors-and-reviewers-can-help-157860.
- Ortiz, Michael. 2023. Anti-Colonialism and the Crises of Interwar Fascism. Bloomsbury Academic.
- Phillips, M. E. 1948. “A Brief History of Academy Publications.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 100: i–xl. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064412.
- Radom, Rachel, and Rachel W. Gammons. 2014. “Teaching Information Evaluation with the Five Ws: An Elementary Method, an Instructional Scaffold, and the Effect on Student Recall and Application.” Reference & User Services Quarterly 53 (4): 334–347.
- RBMS (Association of College and Research Libraries, Rare Book and Manuscript Section). 2008. Guidelines: Competencies for Special Collections Professionals. http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/comp4specollect.
- RBMS (Association of College and Research Libraries, Rare Book and Manuscript Section). 2018. Guidelines for Primary Source Literacy. https://rbms.info/standards/.
- SJSU (San Jose State University). 2022. “Third Person Point of View (POV) in Academic Writing.” San Jose State University Writing Center. Fall 2022. https://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/Third-Person%20POV%20in%20Academic%20Writing.pdf.
- Scale, Mark-Shane. 2021. Colonization and Imperialism in Libraries: Perspective from a Caribbean Immigrant. Friesen Press.
- Scheuler, Steven. 2014. “Primary and Secondary Sources in History: A Primer for Undergraduates, Challenges for Librarians.” The Reference Librarian 55: 163–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2014.881274.
- Schrock, Kathy. 1998. “The ABCs of Web Site Evaluation.” Classroom Connect 5 (4): 4–6.
- Seale, Maura. 2010. “Information Literacy Standards and the Politics of Knowledge Production: Using User-Generated Content to Incorporate Critical Pedagogy.” In Critical Library Instruction: Theories and Methods, edited by Maria T. Accardi, Emily Drabinski, and Alana Kumbier, 221–35. Library Juice Press.
- Sommer, Barbara W., and Mary Kay Quinlan. 2018. The Oral History Manual. 3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Sye, David, and Dana Statton Thompson. 2023. “Tools, Tests, and Checklists: The Evolution and Future of Source Evaluation Frameworks.” Journal of New Librarianship 8 (1): 76–100.
- Tewell, Eamon, and Katelyn Angell. 2016. “Authority and Source Evaluation in the Critical Library Classroom.” In The Critical Library Pedagogy Handbook, edited by Nicole Pagowsky and Kelly McElroy, 2:49–57. ACRL Press.
- Townsend, Lori, Amy R. Hofer, Silvia Lin Hanick, and Korey Brunetti. 2016. “Identifying Threshold Concepts for Information Literacy: A Delphi Study.” Communications in Information Literacy 10 (1): 23-49.
- Tuhiwai Smith, Linda. 2021. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. 3rd ed. Zed Books.
- Turner, Dale. 2021 "On the Politics of Indigenous Translation: Listening to Indigenous Translation: Listening to Indigenous Peoples in and on Their Own Terms." In Routledge Handbook of Critical Indigenous Studies, edited by Brendan Hokowhitu, Aileen Moreton-Robinson, Linda Tuhiwai-Smith, Chris Andersen, and Steve Larkin. Routledge.
- Vivanco, Luis A. 2018. “Informant.” In A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology. Oxford University Press.
- Watkins, Alexander. 2017. “Teaching Inclusive Authorities: Indigenous Ways of Knowing and the Framework for Information Literacy in Native Art.” In Disciplinary Applications of Information Literacy Threshold Concepts, edited by Samatha Godbey, Sue Wainscott, and Xan Goodman. Association of College and Research Libraries.
- Young, Robert. 2015. Empire, Colony, Postcolony. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Zins, Chaim. 2007. “Conceptual Approaches for Defining ‘data’, ‘information’, and ‘knowledge’.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58 (4): 479-493.