Abstracts
Abstract
With the cliché of allegedly “primitive” cinema spectators fleeing the theatre in fear of onrushing train as a point of departures, this article investigates various immersive and stereoscopic strategies in early cinema. Although the three-dimensional or virtual qualities of, for example, phantom rides, Hale’s Tours, and early tracking shots have often been discussed, the notion of a “virtual reality avant la lettre” merits a fuller investigation. Through different technological, textual and discursive strategies, much early cinema can be seen to create a strong sense of presence or immersion that is, with the use of spectacle and engagement radically different than the sense of “identification” crucial to the later classical style.
Résumé
Avec comme point de départ le fameux cliché du cinéma « primitif », à savoir ces spectateurs prenant la fuite devant l’arrivée d’un train à l’écran, cet article analyse les diverses stratégies d’immersion et de stéréoscopie dans le cinéma des premiers temps. Bien que les trois dimensions et les modalités de virtualisation propres, entre autres, aux trains fantômes, aux Hale’s Tours et aux premières prises de vue sur rails aient déjà été largement débattues, l’idée de « réalité virtuelle avant la lettre » mérite de plus amples investigations. À travers différentes stratégies techniques, textuelles et discursives, le cinéma des premiers temps, dans sa grande majorité, peut se percevoir comme un art de créer un fort sentiment de présence ou d’immersion. Avec le recours au spectacle et à la sollicitation du spectateur, ce sentiment s’avère radicalement différent de l’idée d’identification qui sera plus tard cruciale pour le cinéma classique.
Appendices
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