Abstracts
Résumé
La Ville de Montréal affiche une structure de gouvernance décentralisée comprenant 19 arrondissements dotés de conseils élus et d’une certaine autonomie budgétaire. Cette décentralisation inframunicipale est souvent considérée excessive par les acteurs locaux. Quelques études comparatives existent sur la question, mais concernent surtout des villes européennes. Aucune ne permet de situer le cas de Montréal parmi les grandes villes d’Amérique. À travers une recension de documents officiels, la présente recherche propose un tour d’horizon sur la question pour une trentaine de grandes villes d’Amérique. Les arrangements institutionnels en place dans huit grandes villes comportant des entités inframunicipales y sont approfondis : Montréal, Toronto, New York, Los Angeles, Mexico, Bogotá, São Paulo et Buenos Aires. Il s’agit d’une première tentative de caractériser la décentralisation inframunicipale dans un contexte américain. Au final, on s’aperçoit que Montréal est significativement plus décentralisée que les autres grandes villes, mais que le processus est en développement dans certaines villes d’Amérique latine.
Mots-clés :
- Décentralisation inframunicipale,
- gouvernance urbaine,
- grandes villes,
- Amérique du Nord,
- Amérique latine
Abstract
The City of Montreal has an urban governance structure where its 19 boroughs have their own elected councils with a degree of budgetary autonomy that enables them to provide differentiated local municipal services. This type of sub-municipal decentralization is considered by local experts and politicians to be somewhat exceptional, but is it really so unusual? Certainly, a number of comparative studies have been conducted on European cities, but little academic attention has been paid to sub-local decentralization in North or Latin America. Drawing on official municipal documents, the research study described here provides an overview of urban governance structure in 29 cities in the Americas. Eight municipalities where sub-local decentralization exists are examined more closely: Montreal, Toronto, New York, Los Angeles, Mexico, Bogota, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires. Our article offers a preliminary overview of the process of sub-local decentralization in North and South America. Our main finding is that the level of decentralization in Montreal is significantly higher than in any other city in the Americas, but that the process is becoming more widespread in a number of Latin American cities.
Keywords:
- Sub-local decentralization,
- urban governance,
- large cities,
- North America,
- Latin America
Resumen
La ciudad de Montreal expone una estructura de gobernanza descentralizada, compuesta de 19 distritos dotados de consejos distritales elegidos y con cierta autonomía presupuestaria. A menudo, esta descentralización inframunicipal es considerada excesiva por los actores locales. Sobre este asunto, existen algunos estudios comparativos que conciernen sobre todo ciudades europeas. Ninguno permite situar el caso de Montreal entre las grandes ciudades de América. Gracias al cotejo de documentos oficiales, este estudio propone dar una vuelta sobre el sujeto en treinta grandes ciudades de América. Se profundizan organizaciones institucionales de ocho grandes ciudades con entidades inframunicipales: Montreal, Toronto, Nueva York, Los Ángeles, México, Bogotá, San Pablo y Buenos Aires. Es ésta una primera tentativa de caracterizar la descentralización inframunicipal en el contexto americano. Finalmente, se observa que Montreal es la ciudad significativamente más descentralizada entre las grandes ciudades, bien que este proceso está desarrollándose en ciertas ciudades de América Latina.
Palabras clave:
- Descentralización inframunicipal,
- gobernanza urbana,
- grandes ciudades,
- América del Norte,
- América Latina
Appendices
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