Abstracts
Abstract
During the final year of the war, mass evacuations westwards from concentration camps on foot brought the European road network into the orbit of Holocaust landscapes. The routes of these so-called “death marches” that criss-crossed Europe have been followed by a wide variety of pilgrims, ranging from Holocaust survivors retracing former journeys they made half a century before (oftentimes accompanied by family members, and in some cases, documentary filmmakers), through organized groups of Jews and Christians, to visual artists. While motivated by very different concerns, all share assumptions that the encounter with place – an authentic site of wartime atrocity – shrinks time, merging past and present (and future). Such notions of the possibility of direct access to the past are heightened by the haptic and embodied experiences of place that are central to walking. The individuals and groups I examine aspire, quite literally, to follow in the footsteps of the victims, walking on the very same ground they walked. While these attempts at shrinking or “fixing” time have been seen variously as more or less successful, all share an assumption of the potential intersections of past, present and future in these seemingly most ordinary of memoryscapes.
Keywords:
- Landscape,
- memory,
- death marches,
- roads,
- Holocaust
Résumé
Durant la dernière année de la guerre, des évacuations de masse, à pied, à partir des camps de concentration vers l’ouest, ont amené le réseau routier européen dans l’orbite des paysages de l’Holocauste. Des routes qu’on a appelées « marches de la mort » ont ainsi constellé l’Europe. Depuis, toute une gamme de « pèlerins » ont suivi ces routes : des survivants de l’Holocauste retraçant le périple accompli un demi-siècle plus tôt (souvent accompagnés de membres de la famille et parfois de documentaristes) jusqu’aux peintres et autres artistes visuels, en passant par des groupes organisés de juifs et de chrétiens. Bien que motivés par des intérêts très divers, tous partagent l’impression que leur rencontre avec le lieu – un site authentique de l’atrocité de la guerre – sera de nature à comprimer le temps, fondant passé et présent (et futur). Une telle notion de la possibilité d’accéder directement au passé est renforcée par l’expérience physique et concrète du lieu, qui est au coeur de la marche. Les personnes et les groupes qui font l’objet de mon étude aspirent littéralement à marcher dans les traces des victimes en foulant le même sol qu’elles. Alors que ces tentatives de comprimer ou de « figer » le temps s’avèrent plus ou moins réussies selon les cas, tous n’en partagent pas moins l’espoir de potentiels croisements entre le passé, le présent et l’avenir dans ces apparemment banals paysages de la mémoire.
Mots-clés :
- Paysage,
- mémoire,
- marches de la mort,
- routes,
- Holocauste
Resumen
Durante el último año de la guerra, evacuaciones masivas, a pie, que parten de los campos de concentración hacia el oeste, han puesto la red de rutas carreteras europeas en la órbita de paisajes del Holocausto. Las rutas llamadas “marchas de la muerte” han proliferado en Europa. Desde entonces, toda una gama de “peregrinos” han tomado esas rutas. Supervivientes del Holocausto (a veces acompañados de familiares, otras, de documentalistas), pintores y otros artistas visuales, hasta grupos organizados de judíos y cristianos rehacen la travesía realizada hace medio siglo.
Bien que motivados por intereses diversos, todos comparten la impresión de encuentran en el lugar – sitio auténtico de la atrocidad de la guerra – algo que permita comprimir el tiempo, amalgamando pasado y presente (y futuro). La posibilidad de acceder directamente al pasado es reforzada por la experiencia física y concreta del lugar, centro de la marcha. Las personas y los grupos, objeto de este estudio, aspiran literalmente a caminar sobre las huellas de las víctimas, pisando el mismo suelo que ellas. Si las tentativas de comprimir o de “fijar” el tiempo tienen un éxito relativo según los casos, todos comparten la esperanza de congregar potencialmente pasado, presente y futuro, en esos paisajes de la memoria, aparentemente banales.
Palabras clave:
- Paisaje,
- memoria,
- marchas de la muerte,
- rutas,
- Holocausto
Appendices
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