Abstracts
Abstract
A strong consensus around values of mixed use, connected streets, and alternative transportation modes drives urban planning theory in most Western nations today. Smart growth and sustainable development models promote diversity, affordability, and connectedness in a vibrant public realm. At the same time, though, we note that gated developments are on the increase. How can we account for the proliferation of homogeneous, isolated, and car-oriented enclaves when those who regulate land use advocate quite different options? This article identifies the principles that planners agree on and uses a case study of Canadian planning practice to illustrate why gated projects get approved regardless of planners’ preferences. In an environment where affluent consumers prefer homogeneity and exclusivity, and where local government is looking for cost-effective options when investing in new urban infrastructure, decision makers may feel compelled to accept gated enclaves as a viable development option.
Keywords:
- gated communities,
- planning principles,
- theory and practice,
- Canada,
- United States
Résumé
Les théories contemporaines de planification urbaine valorisent de manière consensuelle, du moins en Occident, la mixité des usages du sol, la trame de rues continue et les modes de transport alternatif. Les modèles du Smart Growth et du développement durable urbain font la promotion de la diversité, du moindre coût ainsi que de l’interconnexion des réseaux et ce, dans un espace public animé. Pourtant, en parallèle, on peut observer le développement de collectivités fermées. Comment peut-on comprendre une telle prolifération d’enclaves isolées, socialement homogènes et organisées sur le principe de la dépendance à l’automobile, alors que les personnes chargées de l’aménagement urbain ne partagent pas ces options? Cet article identifie les principes que les aménagistes appliquent au Canada et montre pourquoi les projets de communautés sont approuvés. Dans le contexte où les consommateurs affichent une nette préférence pour les aménagements homogènes et exclusifs, et alors que les gouvernements municipaux envisagent d’appliquer les principes de l’efficacité des coûts (cost-effective) aux nouvelles infrastructures urbaines, les décideurs sont obligés de considérer les enclaves fermées comme des options viables.
Mots-clés:
- collectivités fermées,
- principes,
- théorie et pratique de l’aménagement,
- Canada,
- États-Unis
Appendices
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