Abstracts
Abstract
Provider assisted death is becoming a leading cause of death in Canada since the passage of Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) legislation in 2016. What was to be exceptional has now become common; some are calling for it to be expected. Increasing numbers of patients with chronic, non-terminal conditions are being euthanized. Healthcare personnel are now approving and offering MAiD to vulnerable patients who are depressed, disabled, chronically ill or impoverished. This paper presents a rationale from a transcendent moral law perspective, traditionally called natural law, for why Canada now has the most liberal euthanasia regime in the world. The act of euthanasia requires the provider to willfully end the life of the patient by administering a lethal substance. This violates the transcendent moral law, do not kill. Once a culture willfully rejects this fundamental law and embraces a utilitarian ethic devoid of any principle except the notion of autonomy, it is inevitable that the practice will lead to ethical ambiguity and uncertainty. As the practice persists and becomes the norm, moral blindness develops which leads to gross abuses to human beings. I present an ethical diagram, the Moral Dissociation Curve, that depicts the reason for the trends unfolding in Canada. The Canadian healthcare system must re-affirm the principles of the Hippocratic Ethic and the inherent dignity of their patients. Those in healthcare need to prioritize high quality, compassionate, palliative care and say “no” to willfully ending the lives of suffering patients. In so doing, moral clarity will be re-gained, and society’s most vulnerable will be protected.
Keywords:
- medical assistance in dying,
- assisted suicide,
- euthanasia,
- ethics,
- palliative care,
- transcendent moral law
Résumé
La mort assistée par un prestataire est en passe de devenir l’une des principales causes de décès au Canada depuis l’adoption de la loi sur l’aide médicale à mourir (AMM) en 2016. Ce qui devait être exceptionnel est devenu courant; certains demandent qu’on s’y attende. De plus en plus de patients atteints de maladies chroniques non terminales sont euthanasiés. Le personnel de santé approuve et propose désormais des MAiD aux patients vulnérables qui sont dépressifs, handicapés, atteints d’une maladie chronique ou appauvris. Cet article présente une justification du point de vue de la loi morale transcendante, traditionnellement appelée loi naturelle, pour expliquer pourquoi le Canada a maintenant le régime d’euthanasie le plus libéral au monde. L’acte d’euthanasie exige que le prestataire mette délibérément fin à la vie du patient en lui administrant une substance mortelle. Cette pratique est contraire à la loi morale transcendante : ne pas tuer. Dès lors qu’une culture rejette délibérément cette loi fondamentale et adopte une éthique utilitaire dépourvue de tout principe, à l’exception de la notion d’autonomie, il est inévitable que cette pratique entraîne une ambiguïté et une incertitude éthique. Au fur et à mesure que la pratique persiste et devient la norme, l’aveuglement moral se développe et conduit à des abus flagrants sur les êtres humains. Je présente un diagramme éthique, la courbe de dissociation morale, qui illustre la raison des tendances observées au Canada. Le système de santé canadien doit réaffirmer les principes de l’éthique hippocratique et la dignité inhérente de ses patients. Les professionnels de la santé doivent donner la priorité aux soins palliatifs de haute qualité, empreints de compassion, et dire « non » à l’idée de mettre délibérément fin à la vie de patients souffrants. Ce faisant, la clarté morale sera retrouvée et les plus vulnérables de la société seront protégés.
Mots-clés :
- assistance médicale à mourir,
- suicide assisté,
- euthanasie,
- éthique,
- soins palliatifs,
- loi morale transcendante
Appendices
Bibliography
- 1. Hall A. Moral blind spots. First Things. 4 Jan 2011.
- 2. American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. PBS. 4 Apr 2021.
- 3. NAACP. History of Lynching in America. History Explained; 2024.
- 4. Health Canada. Fourth Annual Report on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada 2022. Oct 2023.
- 5. Dugdale LS, Lerner BH, Callahan D. Pros and cons of physician aid in dying. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 2019;92(4):747-50.
- 6. Budziszewski J. What We Can’t Not Know: A Guide. Revised ed. San Francisco: Ignatius Press; 2011.
- 7. Maritain J, Sweet W. Natural Law: Reflections on Theory and Practice. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press; 2001.
- 8. Cameron N. The New Medicine: Life and Death After Hippocrates. Wheaton: Crossway Books; 1992.
- 9. Lewis CS. The Abolition of Man. Harper Collins; 1944/1974.
- 10. Pellegrino ED. Doctors must not kill. Journal of Clinical Ethics. 1992;3(2):95-102.
- 11. Kleingeld P, Willaschek M. Autonomy without paradox: Kant, self-legislation, and the moral law. Philosophers’ Imprint. 2019;19(6):1-18.
- 12. Serebrin J. Quebecers no longer seeing doctor-assisted deaths as a last resort, says oversight body. National Post. 15 Aug 2023.
- 13. Byram AC, Reiner PB. Disparities in public awareness, practitioner availability, and institutional support contribute to differential rates of MAiD utilization: a natural experiment comparing California and Canada. Mortality. 2024:1-21.
- 14. Wiebe E, Kelly M. Medical assistance in dying when natural death is not reasonably foreseeable: Survey of providers’ experiences with patients making track 2 requests. Canadian Family Physician. 2023;69(12):853-58.
- 15. Canada to delay assisted death solely on mental illness until 2027. Reuters. 1 Feb 2024.
- 16. Coelho R, Maher J, Gaind KS, Lemmens T. The realities of Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada. Palliative and Supportive Care. 2023;21(5):871-78.
- 17. Lemmens T. When death becomes therapy: Canada’s troubling normalization of health care provider ending of life. The American Journal of Bioethics. 2023;23(11):79-84.
- 18. Janz H. Plagued to death by ableism: What the COVID-19 pandemic and the expansion of eligibility for MAID reveal about the lethal dangers of medical and systemic ableism in Canada. Canadian Journal of Bioethics/Revue Canadienne de Bioéthique. 2023;6(3-4):137-41.
- 19. Selley C. If not a judge, then who can find proof of oversight on MAID? National Post. 27 Mar 2024.
- 20. Wiebe K, Mullin A. Choosing death in unjust conditions: hope, autonomy and harm reduction. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2024;50(6):407-12.
- 21. Trachtenberg AJ, Manns B. Cost analysis of medical assistance in dying in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2017;189(3):E101-5.
- 22. Parliamentary Budget Officer. Cost Estimate for BILL C-7 “Medical Assistance In Dying”. Officer of the Parliamentary Budge Officer; 20 Oct 2020.
- 23. Parris M. We can’t afford a taboo on assisted dying. The Sunday Times. 30 Mar 2024.
- 24. Sams R. Jaggard P. A moratorium on the euphemism MAID. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2024;25(6):105004.
- 25. Canadian Association of MAiD Assessors and Providers. CANAP governance; 2024.
- 26. Dying with Dignity Canada. Clinicians Advisory Council; 2021.
- 27. Schreiber M. The lobby group that owns the conversation around assisted deaths. The Walrus. 12 Jan 2024.
- 28. Brooks D. The outer limits of liberalism. The Atlantic. 4 May 2023.
- 29. Carr L. Better Off Dead? BBC Documentary. 22 May 2024.
- 30. Lowry L. The Giver. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1993.
- 31. King ML. Letter from Birmingham Jail. The Atlantic; 1963.
- 32. ACFM. The ACFM Position Statement on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. 11 Mar 2024.
- 33. Woo A. Vancouver hospital defends suggesting MAID to suicidal patient as risk assessment tool. The Globe and Mail. 9 Aug. 2023.
- 34. Binding K, Hoche A. Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life. It’s Measure and Form. Translation Modak C. Suzeteo Enterprises; 2012.
- 35. Alexander L. Medical science under dictatorship. New England Journal of Medicine. 1949;241(2):39-47.
- 36. Green S. Medical Assistance in Dying. Physician Author Speaker, 2024.
- 37. Cohen-Biton L, Buskila D, Nissanholtz-Gannot R. Review of fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome treatments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(19):12106.
- 38. Tidmarsh LV, Harrison R, Ravindran D, Matthews SL, Finlay KA. The influence of adverse childhood experiences in pain management: Mechanisms, processes, and trauma-informed care. Frontiers in Pain Research. 2022;3:923866.
- 39. LeBlanc S, MacDonald S, Martin M, Dalgarno N, Schultz K. Development of learning objectives for a medical assistance in dying curriculum for Family Medicine Residency. BMC Medical Education. 2022;22:167.
- 40. Raikin, A. No other options. The New Atlantis. 16 Dec 2022.
- 41. Sodha S. When the right to die becomes the duty to die, who will step in to save those most at risk? The Guardian. 7 Apr 2024.
- 42. King M. The Man Who Was a Fool. In: Strength to Love. Minneapolis: Fortress Press; 1963/2010.
- 43. Gallagher R, Passmore MJ. Deromanticizing medical assistance in dying. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2021;193(26):E1012-13.
- 44. Scannell K, Henry SC. Medical futility. The Permanente journal. 2002;6(1):52-4.
- 45. Saunders C. Care of the Dying. – 1. The Problem of Euthanasia. Nursing Times. 1976;72(26):1003-5.
- 46. Sams RW, Mann PC, Johnson JA, et al. The secret of quality is love: A qualitative study exploring physician and nurse perspectives on what it means to love their patients. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. 2021;11(1):107-20.
- 47. Tate T, Clair J. Love your patient as yourself: On reviving the broken heart of American medical ethics. Hastings Center Report. 2023;53(2):12-25.
- 48. Sams R, Kim DGC, Dubey S. The ultimate intrinsic motivator in medicine: Patient perspectives on what it means to be loved by the healthcare team. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. Epub 2024.
- 49. Frank A. The Diary of Anne Frank. June 6, 1944. The Holocaust Memorial & Resource Education Center of Florida.
- 50. Twycross RG. Where there is hope, there is life: a view from the hospice. In: Keown J, editor. Euthanasia Examined: Ethical, Clinical and Legal Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 141-68.
- 51. Billings JA. Recent advances: palliative care. BMJ. 2000;321(7260):555-8
- 52. Gallagher R, Passmore MJ. Canada needs equitable, earlier access to palliative care. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2020;192(20):E559.