Abstracts
Abstract
Debate rages over whether Canadian provincial and territorial governments should allow healthcare institutions to conscientiously object to providing medical assistance in dying (MAiD). This issue is likely to end up in court soon through challenges from patients, clinicians, or advocacy groups such as Dying With Dignity Canada. When it does, one key question for the courts will be whether allowing institutional conscientious objection (ICO) to MAiD respects (i.e., shows due regard for) the consciences of the objecting healthcare institutions, understood as unitary entities. This question has been thoroughly explored elsewhere in the academic literature. However, another key question has been underexplored. Specifically, precedent set by the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in Loyola High School v. Quebec (Attorney General) suggests that the courts will consider whether allowing ICO to MAiD respects the consciences of the personnel within objecting healthcare institutions. My answer to this question is no, by which I mean that allowing ICO to MAiD shows undue disregard for some consciences and undue regard for others. To justify this answer, I analyze the arguments that hold that allowing ICO in healthcare respects the consciences of the personnel within objecting healthcare institutions. My conclusion is that none of these personnel-based arguments succeed in the case of ICO to MAiD. Some fail because they are wrong about the nature of conscience and complicity. Others fail because they contradict the arguments’ proponents’ positions on conscientious objection by individual healthcare providers. Still others fail because they are internally inconsistent.
Keywords:
- institutional conscientious objection,
- medical assistance in dying,
- publicly funded healthcare,
- freedom of conscience,
- healthcare personnel
Résumé
Le débat fait rage sur la question de savoir si les gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux du Canada doivent autoriser les établissements de santé à s’opposer en conscience à la fourniture d’une aide médicale à mourir (AMM). Il est probable que cette question se retrouvera bientôt devant les tribunaux à la suite de contestations de la part de patients, de cliniciens ou de groupes de défense des droits tels que Mourir dans la dignité Canada. Dans ce cas, l’une des questions clés pour les tribunaux sera de savoir si le fait d’autoriser l’objection de conscience institutionnelle (OCI) à l’AMM respecte (c’est-à-dire prend dûment en compte) les consciences des établissements de santé qui s’y opposent, considérés comme des entités unitaires. Toutefois, cette question a été étudiée en profondeur dans d’autres publications scientifiques. Une autre question clé n’a pas été suffisamment explorée. En particulier, le précédent établi par la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’affaire Loyola High School c. Québec (Procureur général) suggère que les tribunaux examineront si le fait d’autoriser l’OCI à l’AMM respecte les consciences du personnel des établissements de santé qui s’y opposent. Ma réponse à cette question est non, c’est-à-dire que le fait de permettre l’OCI à l’AMM témoigne d’un mépris excessif pour certaines consciences et d’une considération excessive pour d’autres. Pour justifier cette réponse, j’analyse les arguments qui soutiennent que l’autorisation d’OCI dans les soins de santé respecte les consciences du personnel des établissements de santé qui s’y opposent. Ma conclusion est qu’aucun de ces arguments fondés sur le personnel n’aboutit dans le cas de l’OCI à l’AMM au Canada. Certains échouent parce qu’ils se trompent sur la nature de la conscience et de la complicité. D’autres échouent parce qu’ils contredisent les positions des partisans des arguments sur l’objection de conscience des prestataires de soins de santé individuels. D’autres encore échouent parce qu’elles sont incohérentes sur le plan interne.
Mots-clés :
- objection de conscience institutionnelle,
- aide médicale à mourir,
- soins de santé financés par des fonds publics,
- liberté de conscience,
- personnel de santé
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Appendices
Remerciements / Acknowledgements
L’auteur remercie Udo Schüklenk, Françoise Baylis, Brad Abernethy, Ian D. Wolfe et Guido Calderini pour leurs commentaires utiles sur les versions préliminaires.
The author thanks Udo Schüklenk, Françoise Baylis, Brad Abernethy, Ian D. Wolfe, and Guido Calderini for providing useful comments on drafts.
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