Abstracts
Résumé
La foresterie sociale dans la décennie 1970, la cogestion à partir de 1990 et la reconnaissance de la constitutionnalité des droits forestiers en 2006 laissaient présager que le régime forestier de l’Inde, demeuré une prérogative étatique depuis l’ère coloniale, allait progressivement être soumis à des processus de décisions démocratiques. Toutefois, le durcissement en parallèle des lois sur la protection de la biodiversité a permis au Département des forêts de garder ses privilèges et son autorité morale sur la forêt dans plusieurs états indiens, souvent au détriment des population locales. Cet article scrute les conceptions du soi et de la citoyenneté des éleveurs nomades Van Gujjars de l’Uttar Pradesh et de l’Uttarakhand, qu’ils vivent à l’intérieur ou à proximité du parc national de Rajaji, à travers le prisme que leur offre spontanément leurs contacts quotidiens avec des animaux sauvages et domestiques : tigres et léopards, hirondelles, macaques et buffles. Considérant une gamme de rapports matériels et langagiers au sein desquels s’immiscent des figures animalières, cet article mobilise l’ethnographie multiespèce pour mettre en lumière des principes et des valeurs qui sous-tendent les revendications citoyennes des habitants traditionnels des forêts et analyser des mécanismes d’inclusion et d’exclusion propres aux zones forestières en Inde.
Mots clés:
- Paquet,
- Van Gujjars,
- éleveurs pastoralistes,
- ethnographie multiespèce,
- citoyenneté,
- droits forestiers,
- Inde
Abstract
Starting with social forestry in the 1970s, co-management in the 1990s and the constitutional recognition of forest rights in 2006, the general impression was that India’s forestry regime, which has remained a state prerogative since the colonial era, was gradually becoming subject to democratic decision-making processes. However, a parallel tightening of biodiversity protection laws has enabled the Forest Department to retain its privileges and moral authority over the forests in several Indian states, to the detriment of the local populations. This article questions subject-making and citizenship for a population of nomadic herders, the Van Gujjars of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, looking through the prism of their relationships with wild or domestic animals: tigers and leopards, swallows, macaques and buffaloes. Analyzing a range of material and immaterial relationships in which animal figures interfere with the political management of forests, the popular mobilization and the political demands of traditional forest dwellers, this article draws on multispecies ethnography to highlight mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion within forest areas and the impact they have on the lives of historically marginalized groups like the Van Gujjar nomadic herders.
Keywords:
- Paquet,
- Van Gujjars,
- pastoralists,
- multispecies ethnography,
- citizenship,
- forest rights,
- India
Resumen
La silvicultura social en la decena de 1970, la co-gestión a partir de 1990 y el reconocimiento de la constitucionalidad de los derechos forestales en 2006, deja presagiar que el régimen forestal de la India, que permaneció como una prerrogativa estatal desde la era colonial, estaría progresivamente sometida a un proceso de decisiones democráticas. Sin embargo, el endurecimiento paralelo de las leyes sobre la protección de la biodiversidad ha permitido al Departamento de los bosques de conservar sus privilegios y su autoridad moral sobre el los bosques en diversos estados indios, frecuentemente en perjuicio de las poblaciones locales. Este artículo analiza las concepciones de sí y de la ciudadanía de los pastores nómadas Van Gujjars del Utar Pradesh y de Uttarakhand, que viven en el interior o cerca del parque nacional de Rajaji, a través del prisma que les ofrece espontáneamente su contacto cotidianos con los animales salvajes y domésticos: tigres y leopardos, golondrinas, macacos y búfalos. Tomo en consideración una gama de relaciones materiales y lingüísticas dentro de las cuales se inmiscuyen las figuras de los animales y los valores subyacentes a las reivindicaciones ciudadanas de los habitantes tradicionales de dichos bosques y analizo los mecanismos de inclusión y exclusión propios a las zonas forestales de la India.
Palabras clave:
- Paquet,
- Van Gujjars,
- pastores,
- etnografía multi-especies,
- ciudadanía,
- derechos forestales,
- India
Appendices
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