Abstracts
Résumé
Bien que l’usage du concept de servitude dans la définition légale internationale de la traite des personnes illustre un intérêt renouvelé pour celui-ci, il demeure flou et indéfini. Cet article s’efforce d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les significations contemporaines qui peuvent être attribuées à la servitude domestique dans la loi internationale, tout en réfléchissant à la nature floue des frontières entre le travail domestique et la servitude. Cet article s’appuie sur le Programme des aides familiaux du Canada (AF) comme étude de cas pour montrer comment ces frontières floues sont constituées, notamment du fait des dispositions légales qui encadrent l’AF, en faisant valoir que le permis de travail lié à un employeur donné, articulé à la nature privée et isolée du lieu de travail, crée des vulnérabilités qui rendent plus probables l’émergence des conditions de servitude.
Mots-clés :
- Hastie,
- Canada,
- Philippines,
- travail domestique,
- servitude,
- aides familiaux,
- migration,
- exploitation,
- travail migrant,
- droits humains
Abstract
Although the concept of servitude has been given renewed attention through its inclusion within the international legal definition of « human trafficking », within that context, it remains undefined. This article endeavours to shed greater light on the contemporary meanings that can be ascribed to domestic servitude within international law, and to explore the potentially blurring lines between domestic work arrangements and domestic servitude. This article uses the Canada’s Caregiver Program (CP) as a case study to demonstrate the how those blurring lines may arise, in part, as the result of the legal regulations governing the CP, arguing that the employer-specific work permit, coupled with the isolated and private nature of the workplace, create vulnerabilities that enhance the potential for servitude-like conditions to arise.
Keywords:
- Hastie,
- Canada,
- Philippines,
- Domestic Work,
- Servitude,
- Caregiver,
- Migration,
- Exploitation,
- Migrant Labour,
- Human Rights
Resumen
Aunque el uso del concepto de servidumbre en la definición legal internacional del tráfico de personas ilustra el renovado interés por ésta, no deja de permanecer vago e indefinido. Este artículo procura arrojar una nueva luz sobre los significados contemporáneos que pueden atribuirse a la servidumbre doméstica en la ley internacional, reflexionando sobre la naturaleza difusa de las fronteras entre el trabajo doméstico y la servidumbre. Este artículo se basa en el Programa de asistentes familiares de Canadá (AF) como estudio de caso para mostrar como dichas fronteras difusas se constituyen, especialmente debido a las disposiciones legales que encuadran el AF, argumentando que el permiso de trabajo ligado a un empleador dado, articulado con el carácter privado y aislado del medio de trabajo, crea vulnerabilidades que pueden favorecer el surgimiento de condiciones de servidumbre.
Palabras clave:
- Hastie,
- Canadá,
- Filipinas,
- trabajo doméstico,
- servidumbre,
- asistentes familiares,
- migración,
- explotación,
- trabajo migrante,
- derechos humanos
Appendices
Références
- Alberta Federation of Labour, 2009, Entrenching Exploitation. Edmonton, The Alberta Federation of Labour.
- Anderson B. et J. O’connell Davidson, 2003, Is Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven ? A Multi-Country Pilot Study. Geneva, International Organization for Migration.
- Atanackovic J. et I.L. Bourgeault, 2014, « Economic and Social Integration of Immigrant Live-in Caregivers in Canada », Institute for Research on Public Policy, 46, consulté sur Internet (http://irpp.org/research-studies/study-no46/) le 26 janvier 2016.
- Bakan A.B. et D. Stasiulis (dir.), 1997, Not One of the Family. Foreign Domestic Workers in Canada. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- Barber P.G., 2008, « The Ideal Immigrant ? Gendered Class Subjects in Philippine-Canada Migration », Third World Quarterly, 29, 7 : 1265-1285.
- Benton M., 2014, Spheres of Exploitation : Thwarting Actors Who Profit from Illegal Labour, Domestic Servitude, and Sex Work. Washington, Migration Policy Institute.
- Blackett A., 2014, « The Decent Work for Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No 189) and Recommendation (No 201), Introductory Note », International Legal Materials, 53, 1 : 250-266.
- Bourgeault I., R. Parpia et J. Atanackovic, 2010, « Canada’s Live-In Caregiver Program : Is It an Answer to the Growing Demand for Elderly Care ? », Journal of Population Ageing, 3 : 83-102.
- Briones L., 2009, Empowering Migrant Women : Why Agency and Rights Are Not Enough. Burlington, Ashgate Publishing.
- British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal, 2015, PN v. FR and another (No 2), 2015 BCHRT 60, disponible sur Internet (http://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bchrt/doc/2015/2015 bchrt60/2015bchrt60.html) le 7 octobre 2016.
- Brysk A. et A. Choi-Fitzpatrick (dir.), 2012, From Human Trafficking to Human Rights : Reframing Contemporary Slavery. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Chaignot N., 2012, La servitude volontaire aujourd’hui. Esclavages et modernité. Paris, Presses universitaires de France.
- Chowdury R. et G. Gutman., 2012, « Migrant Live-in Caregivers Providing Care to Canadian Older Adults : An Exploratory Study of Workers Life and Job Satisfaction », Journal of Population Ageing, 5, 4 : 215-240.
- Chuang J., 2006, « Beyond a Snapshot : Preventing Human Trafficking in the Global Economy », Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 13, 1 : 137-163.
- Cohen R., 1991, « Women of Color in White Households : Coping Strategies of Live-In Domestic Workers », Qualitative Sociology, 14, 2 : 197-215.
- Dandurand Y., 2012, The Coercion and Control of Victims of Human Trafficking and Domestic Servitude : Patterns of Coercion and the Impact on Victims. Vancouver, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy.
- Depatie-Pelletier E. et K. Radi (dir.), 2011, Mistreatment of Temporary Foreign Workers in Canada : Overcoming Regulatory Barriers and Realities on the Ground. Montréal, Metropolis Quebec Working Paper CMQ-Im no 46.
- Dowling S., K. Moreton et L. Wright, 2007, Trafficking for the Purposes of Labour Exploitation : A Literature Review, consulté sur Internet (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov .uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr1007.pdf) le 25 janvier 2016.
- Faraday F., 2012, Made in Canada. How the Law Constructs Migrant Workers’ Insecurity. Toronto, Metcalf Foundation.
- Fudge J. et D. Parrott, 2011, « Private Foreign Worker Recruitment for the Live-in Caregiver Program in British Columbia », conférence au colloque « Regulating for a Fair Recovery », Genève, 6-8 juillet 2011.
- Fudge J., 2012, « Global Care Chains : Transnational Migrant Care Workers », International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 28, 1 : 63-70.
- General Conference of the International Labour Organisation, 1930, « Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour, 1 May 1932, 39 UNTS 55 », disponible sur Internet (http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/n0ilo29.htm) le 7 octobre 2016.
- Grandea N. et J. Kerr, 1998, « Frustrated and Displaced : Filipina Domestic Workers in Canada », Gender & Development, 6 : 7-12.
- Hodge J., 2006, « “Unskilled Labour” : Canada’s Live-in Caregiver Program », Undercurrent, 3, 2 : 60-66.
- Hopper E. et J. Hidalgo, 2006, « Invisible Chains : Psychological Coercion of Human Trafficking Victims », Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, 1 : 185-210.
- House of Commons Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration, 2009, « Temporary Foreign Workers and Non-Status Workers », disponible sur Internet (http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3866154) le 7 octobre 2016.
- Ilo, 2002, « Collaborating Across our Differences », Gender, Place and Culture : A Journal of Feminist Geography, 9, 2 : 195-200.
- Ilo, 2005, Human Trafficking and Forced Labour Exploitation : Guidelines for Legislation and Law Enforcement. Genève, International Labour Organization.
- Ilo, 2009, « Explanations for Indicators of Trafficking for Labour Exploitation », consulté sur Internet (http://www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_105035/lang--en/index.htm) le 26 janvier 2016.
- Kaye J., J. Winterdyk et L. Quarterman, 2014, « Beyond Criminal Justice : A Case Study of Responding to Human Trafficking in Canada », Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 56, 1 : 23-48.
- Law Commission of Ontario, 2012, Vulnerable Workers and Precarious Work. Toronto, Law Commission of Ontario.
- Mantouvalou V., 2006, « Servitude and Forced Labour in the 21st Century : The Human Rights of Domestic Workers », Industrial Law Journal, 35, 4 : 395-414.
- Massias F., 2000, « L’esclavage contemporain : les réponses du droit », Droit et cultures, 39, 1 : 101-124.
- Miers S., 2000, « Contemporary Forms of Slavery », Canadian Journal of African Studies, 34, 3 : 714-747.
- Murphy C., 2013, « The Enduring Vulnerability of Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe », International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 62, 3 : 599-627.
- Office of the Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings – Osce, 2010, Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation : Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude. Vienne, OSCE/Office of the Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights – OHCHR, 2000, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, GA Res 55/25, 15 November 2000, disponible sur Internet (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingIn Persons.aspx) le 7 octobre 2016. Version française (http://www.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons_fr.pdf &action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1) disponible en date du 27 février 2017.
- Oxman-Martinez J., J. Hanley et L. Cheung., 2004, « Another Look at the Live-In-Caregivers Program : An Analysis of an Action Research Survey Conducted by PINAY, the Quebec Filipino Women’s Association with the Centre for Applied Family Studies », Montréal, Québec, Immigration et métropoles, Publication IM, 24.
- Palmary I., E. Burman, K. Chantler et P. Kiguwa (dir.), 2010, Gender and Migration : Feminist Interventions. Londres, Zed Books.
- Parreñas R.S., 2001, Servants of Globalization : Women, Migration, and Domestic Work. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
- Peters A.W., 2015, Responding to Human Trafficking : Sex, Gender and Culture in the Law. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Pratt G., 1997, « Stereotypes and Ambivalence : The Construction of Domestic Workers in Vancouver, British Columbia », Gender, Place and Culture, 4, 2 : 159-177.
- Pratt G. et Pwc, 2003, « From Migrant to Immigrant : Domestic Workers Settle in Vancouver, Canada », Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis, Working Paper Series No 03-18. Vancouver, RIIM.
- Quirk J., 2006, « The Anti-Slavery Project : Linking the Historical and Contemporary », Human Rights Quarterly, 28, 3 : 565-598.
- Rassam A.Y., 1999, « Contemporary Forms of Slavery and the Evolution of the Prohibition of Slavery and the Slave Trade Under Customary International Law », Virginia Journal of International Law, 39, 2 : 303-352.
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 2010, Human Trafficking in Canada : A Threat Assessment. Ottawa, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
- Sikka A., 2013, Labour Trafficking in Canada : Indicators, Stakeholders, and Investigative Methods. Ottawa, Public Safety Canada.
- Stiell B. et K. Enland, 1997, « Domestic Distinctions : Constructing Difference among Paid Domestic Workers in Toronto », Gender, Place & Culture, 4, 3 : 339-360.
- Unodc, 2000, Travaux préparatoires of the Negotiations for the Elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols, UN Doc A/55/383/Add.1 UN, 3 November 2000.
- Unodc, 2000, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, GA Res 55/25, 15 November 2000, disponible sur Internet (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.htm) le 24 octobre 2016. Version française (http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20 Convention/TOCebook-f.pdf) disponible en date du 27 février 2017.
- Unodc, 2012, « Guidance Note on “Abuse of a Position of Vulnerability” as a Means of Trafficking in Persons in Article 3 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime », consulté sur Internet (https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2012/UNODC_2012_Guidance_Note_-_Abuse_of_a_Position_of_Vulnerability_E.pdf) le 26 janvier 2016.
- US State Department, n.d., « What Is Modern Slavery », site Internet (http://www.state.gov/j/tip/what/) consulté le 26 janvier 2016.
- Wcdwa – West Coast Domestic Workers Association, 2013, Access to Justice for Migrant Workers in British Columbia. Vancouver, West Coast Domestic Workers Association.
- Wheaton E.M., E. Schauer et T.V. Gall, 2010, « Economics of Human Trafficking », International Migration, 48, 4 : 114-141.