Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article soutient que le concept de ius archivi du « seuil d’archivage », dans lequel la réception des documents par des archives faisant autorité sert à authentifier ces documents, est inversé à l’ère des données gouvernementales ouvertes et des technologies civiques. Ces technologies de témoignage créent une attente de transparence qui renverse la fonction du seuil ; ce n’est que par la transmission de données hors des archives et dans l’espace public que l’authenticité peut être jugée. À l’époque des fausses nouvelles ou « fake news » et des soi-disant « faits alternatifs », cette dynamique est problématique et soulève des questions sur la participation aux systèmes d’information de l’État.
Abstract
This article argues that the ius archivi concept of the “archival threshold”, in which the receipt of documents by authoritative archives serves to authenticate those documents, is reversed in the age of open government data and civic technologies. These witness technologies create an expectation of transparency that reverses the function of the threshold; it is only through the transmission of data out of archives and into the public space that authenticity can be judged. In the age of “fake news” and so-called “alternative facts” this dynamic is problematic and raises questions about participation in state information systems.
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Anderson, S. R. et Allen, R. B. (2009). Envisioning the archival commons. American Archivist, 72(2), 383-400.
- Arthur, C. et Cross, M. (2006). Give us back our crown jewels. The Guardian. Repéré à https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/mar/09/education.epublic
- Baranczak, S. (1987). A fugitive from Utopia: The poetry of Zbigniew Herbert. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
- Barrett, M. et Kent, J. L. (2018). Inside the government agency designing tech to fight fake news. NBC. Repéré à https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/inside-government-agency-designing-tech-fight-fake-news-n865586
- Bastian, J. (2021). Mine, yours, ours: Archival custody from transaction to narrative. Archival Science, 21, 25-42.
- Battley, B. (2019). Authenticity in places of belonging: Community collective memory as a complex, adaptive recordkeeping system. Archival Science,19(1), 1-26.
- Blake, A. (2017). Kellyanne Conway says Donald Trump’s team has « alternative facts ». Which pretty much says it all. Washington Post. Repéré à https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/
- Blouin, F. et Rosenberg, W. (2011). Processing the past: Contesting authority in history and the archives. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
- Bogard, W. (2006). Welcome to the society of control: The simulation of surveillance revisited. Dans K. Haggerty et R. Ericson (dir.), The new politics of surveillance and visibility (p. 55-78). Toronto, Ontario : University of Toronto Press.
- Clanchy, M. T. (2012). From memory to written record: England 1066 - 1307 (3e éd.). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell.
- Cook, T. (2007). Electronic records, paper minds: The revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era. Archives & Social Studies: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,1(0).
- Cunningham, A. (1996). Journey to the end of the night: Custody and the dawning of a new era on the archival threshold. Archives and Manuscripts, 24(2).
- Cunningham, A. (2010). The postcustodial archive. Dans J. Hill (dir.), The future of archives and recordkeeping: A reader. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Facet Publishing.
- Cunningham, A. (2017). Archives as a place. Dans H. MacNeil et T. Eastwood (dir.), Currents in archival thinking (2e éd.). Santa Barbara, CA : Libraries Unlimited.
- Deleuze, G. (1992). Postscript on the societies of control. October, 59(hiver), 3-7.
- Deseriis, M. (2011). The general, the watchman, and the engineer of control: The relationship between cooperation, communication, and command in the society of control. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 35(4), 387–394.
- Duranti, L. (1996). Archives as a place. Archives and Manuscripts, 24(2).
- Duranti, L. et Jansen, A. (2013). Records in the cloud: Authenticity and jurisdiction. Dans 2013 Digital heritage international congress (DigitalHeritage) (p. 161-164). Marseille, France : IEEE.
- Eastwood, T. (1996). Should creating agencies keep electronic records indefinitely? Archives and Manuscripts, 24(2), 256-267.
- Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY : Vintage Books.
- Gitelman, L. (2014). Paper knowledge: Toward a media history of documents. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
- Government Digital Service. (2020). About. Repéré à https://data.gov.uk/about
- The Guardian. (2018, 14 septembre). Free our data. Repéré à http://www.theguardian.com/technology/free-our-data
- Guilbert, K. (2015, 7 juin). Smartphone-wielding civilians to combat war crimes – with an app. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Repéré à http://news.trust.org/item/20180607151711-ymjan/
- Guo, W., Fang, Y., Pan, W. et Li, D. (2016). Archives as a trusted third party in maintaining and preserving digital records in the cloud environment. Records Management Journal, 26(2), 170-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-07-2015-0028
- Head, R. (2013). Documents, archives, and proof around 1700. The Historical Journal, 56(4), 909-930. Repéré à https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/docview/1695737843?accountid=14511
- HEAD, R. (2016). Configuring European archives: spaces, materials and practices in the differentiation of repositories from the late Middle Ages to 1700. European History Quarterly, 46(3), 498-518.
- Hetherington, K. (2011). Guerrilla auditors: The politics of transparency in neoliberal Paraguay. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Duke University Press.
- Hogge, B. (2015, novembre). Open data: Six stories about impact in the UK. Omidyar Network. Repéré à https://www.omidyar.com/sites/default/files/file_archive/insights/Open%20Data_Six%20Stories%20About%20Impact%20in%20the%20UK/OpenData_CaseStudies_Report_complete_DIGITAL_102715.pdf (sic)
- Huvila, I. (2011, 31 août). What is a participatory archive? For real (?) [Billet de blogue]. Repéré à http://www.istohuvila.se/what-participatory-archive-real
- INTERPARES. (s. d.). InterPARES project. Repéré à http://www.interpares.org
- INTERPARES. (2002). Authenticity task force, requirements for assessing and maintaining the authenticity of electronic records. Repéré à http://www.interpares.org/book/interpares_book_k_app02.pdf
- Kitchin, R. (2014). The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures & their consequences. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Sage.
- Knight Foundation (2013, décembre). The emergence of civic tech: Investments in a growing field. Repéré à https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/knight-civic-tech.pdf
- Krivý, M. (2018). Towards a critique of cybernetic urbanism: The smart city and the society of control. Planning Theory, 17(1), 8-30.
- Lappin, J. (2012). Why a link between MoReq2010 and the OAIS model would benefit both records managers and archivists: The dream of a single record keeping profession. Repéré à https://thinkingrecords.co.uk/2012/07/13/why-a-link-between-moreq2010-and-the-oais-model-would-benefit-both-records-managers-and-archivists/
- Love, J. M. (2013). A society of control: The people and the individual. Public Administration Quarterly, 37(4), 576-593.
- Lowry, J. (2014). Opening government: Open data and access to information. Dans J. Lowry et J. Wamukoya (dir.), Integrity in government through records management: Essays in honour of Anne Thurston. Farnham, Royaume-Uni : Ashgate.
- MacNeil, H. (2000a). Trusting records: Legal, historical and diplomatic perspectives. New York, NY : Springer.
- MacNeil, H. (2000b). Providing grounds for trust: Developing conceptual requirements for the long- term preservation of authentic electronic records. Archivaria, 50(automne).
- MacNeil, H. (2001). Trusting records in a postmodern world. Archivaria, 51(printemps).
- MacNeil, H. (2019). Trusting records in the digital age: Changing archival perspectives. Dans E. Schoggl-Ernst, T. Stockinger et J. Wuhrer (dir.), Die Zukunft der Vergangenheit in der Gegenwart (p. 89-100). Vienne, Autriche : Böhlau Verlag.
- Martinez, D. (2011). Beyond disciplinary enclosures: Management control in the society of control. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 22, 200–211.
- McKemmish, S., Upward, F. et & Reed, B. (2010). Records continuum model. Dans M. J. Bates et M. N. Maack (dir.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences (3e éd., p. 4447-4448). Boca Raton, États-Unis : CRC Press.
- MySociety. (s. d.). FixMyStreet. Repéré à https://www.fixmystreet.com
- My Society. (s. d.). TheyWorkForYou. Repéré à http://www.they workforyou.com
- Open Data Institute. (2012). Business plan 2012-2017. Repéré à http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf
- Open Government Partnership. (2011). Open government declaration. Repéré à https://www.opengovpartnership.org/open-government-declaration
- Open Government Partnership. (2020 ?). About OGP. Repéré à https://www.opengovpartnership.org/about/about-ogp
- Open Knowledge International. (2018). The open definition. Repéré à https://opendefinition.org
- O’Shea. G. et Roberts, D. (1996). Living in a digital world: Recognising the electronic and post-custodial realities. Archives and Manuscripts, 24(2), 286-311.
- Ribes, D. et Jackson, S. (2013). Data bite man: The work of sustaining a long-term study. Dans L. Gitelman (dir.), Raw data is an oxymoron (p. 152). Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
- Schmidt, S. et Bever, L. (2017, 3 février). Kellyanne Conway cites « Bowling green massacre » that never happened to defend travel ban. Washington Post. Repéré à https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/02/03/kellyanne-conway-cites-bowling-green-massacre-that-never-happened-to-defend-travel-ban/
- Shadbolt, N. (2011, 21 janvier). A year of data.gov.uk. Dans The Guardian [Billet de blogue]. Repéré à https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/21/data-gov-nigel-shadbolt-government
- UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser. (2016). Distributed ledger technology: Beyond block chain. Repéré à https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/492972/gs-16-1-distributed-ledger-technology.pdf
- UK Open Government Network. (2020). About. Repéré à https://www.opengovernment.org.uk
- Upward, F. et McKemmish, S. (1994). Somewhere beyond custody. Archives and Manuscripts: Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists, 22(2), 136-49.
- Wood, S., Lowry, J. et Lau, A. (2019). Information/Control – control in the age of post-truth: An introduction. Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies, 2(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.24242/jclis.v2i2.154
- Yeo, G. (2018). Records, information and data: Exploring the role of record-keeping in an information culture. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Facet Publishing.