Abstracts
Abstract
Since the first coronavirus outbreak hit China in January 2020, how different countries respond to the crisis has sparked interesting discussions regarding their respective history, political systems, and culture. In the West, many people attribute the acceptance of universal mask-wearing among Asian populations to a so-called “mask culture.” This paper argues that “mask culture” emerges during the pandemic as an Orientalist concept in Western public discourses to define the East and to freeze differences between “self” and “other.” Orientalism in its everyday manifestation has not only contributed to the initial underestimation of the pandemic in the West; but has also provided a culturalist foundation for essentialist representations of Asian cultures. Self-other binary has greatly shaped Western responses to and narratives of the pandemic in two prominent ways: first, mask-wearing has been considered as an “Asian” practice associated with other Asian cultural stereotypes such as submissiveness to state power; and second, the threat of the coronavirus was initially viewed as minimal because outbreaks in Asia were far and distanced, and thereafter, the suffering of the Other was not considered urgent in the West.
Keywords:
- mask culture,
- Orientalism,
- COVID-19,
- China
Résumé
Depuis que la première vague de coronavirus a frappé la Chine en janvier 2020, la réaction des différents pays à la crise a donné lieu à des discussions intéressantes sur l’histoire, la culture et le système politique respectifs de ceux-ci. En Occident, beaucoup ont attribué l’acceptation du port généralisé du masque par les populations asiatiques à une soi-disant « culture du masque ». Cet article soutient que la « culture du masque » est apparue pendant la pandémie comme un concept orientaliste dans les discours publics occidentaux pour définir l’Orient et figer les différences entre « soi » et « l’autre ». L’orientalisme, dans ses manifestations quotidiennes, a non seulement contribué à la sous-estimation initiale de la pandémie en Occident, mais a également fourni un fondement culturaliste aux représentations essentialistes des cultures asiatiques. L’opposition binaire entre le « soi et l’autre » a fortement influencé les réponses et les récits occidentaux face à la pandémie, et ce, de deux manières principales: premièrement, le port du masque a été considéré comme une pratique « asiatique » et associé à d’autres stéréotypes culturels tels que la soumission au pouvoir de l’État; deuxièmement, la menace du coronavirus a été minimisée sous prétexte que les flambées épidémiques en Asie étaient lointaines et distantes, et la souffrance de l’Autre n’a pas été perçue comme une urgence en Occident.
Mots-clés :
- culture du masque,
- orientalism,
- COVID-19,
- Chine
Appendices
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