Abstracts
Abstract
A 13th –14th-century map held in the Bodleian Library (the Gough Map and the oldest map of Great Britain) shows two ‘lost’ islands in Cardigan Bay offshore west Wales, United Kingdom. This study investigates historical sources, alongside geological and bathymetric evidence, and proposes a model of post-glacial coastal evolution that provides an explanation for the ‘lost’ islands and a hypothetical framework for future research: (1) during the Pleistocene, Irish Sea ice occupied the area from the north and west, and Welsh ice from the east, (2) a landscape of unconsolidated Pleistocene deposits developed seaward of a relict pre-Quaternary cliffline with a land surface up to ca. 30 m above present sea-level, (3) erosion proceeded along the lines of a template provided by a retreating shoreline affected by Holocene sea-level rise, shore-normal rivers, and surface run-off from the relict cliffline and interfluves, (4) dissection established islands occupying cores of the depositional landscape, and (5) continued down-wearing, marginal erosion and marine inundation(s) removed the two remaining islands by the 16th century. Literary evidence and folklore traditions provide support in that Cardigan Bay is associated with the ‘lost’ lowland of Cantre’r Gwaelod. The model offers potential for further understanding post-glacial evolution of similar lowlands along northwest European coastlines.
Résumé
Une carte des 13e et 14e siècles que détient la bibliothèque de Bodley (carte de Gough, carte la plus ancienne de Grande-Bretagne) montre deux îles « disparues » dans la baie Cardigan au large à l’ouest du Pays de Galles, au Royaume-Uni. Cette étude examine des sources historiques, ainsi que des preuves géologiques et bathymétriques, et elle propose un modèle d’évolution côtière postglaciaire fournissant une explication de la disparition des îles et un cadre hypothétique aux fins de recherche future : (1) durant le Pléistocène, les glaces de la mer d’Irlande occupaient la région à partir du nord et de l’ouest, et les glaces galloises s’étendaient à partir de l’est; (2) un paysage de dépôts non consolidés du Pléistocène s’est formé côté mer le long de falaises préquaternaires reliques, laissant émerger une surface terrestre atteignant jusqu’à environ 30 mètres au-dessus du niveau actuel de la mer; (3) une érosion a suivi le long des lignes d’un modèle créé par un rivage en recul affecté par la hausse du niveau de la mer de l’Holocène, les rivières côtières normales et l’écoulement direct de surface des interfluves et de la ligne des falaises reliques; (4) une dissection a créé des îles occupant les coeurs du paysage de dépôt; (5) l’aplatissement continu, l’érosion marginale et les inondations marines ont fait en sorte que les deux îles qui restaient avaient disparu au 16e siècle. Des preuves littéraires et des traditions folkloriques appuient l’association de la baie Cardigan avec les basses terres « disparues » de Cantre’r Gwaelod. Le modèle pourrait permettre une compréhension plus poussée de l’évolution postglaciaire des basses terres similaires le long des littoraux du nord-ouest de l’Europe.
Appendices
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