Abstracts
Abstract
This research uses the Youth in Transition Survey, Reading Cohort (“YITS-A”) to analyse access to post-secondary education (PSE) in Québec in comparison to other Canadian provinces and regions. We begin by presenting access rates by region and show that university participation rates in Québec are relatively low, while college rates are high in comparison to other provinces, although these differences are presumably due in part to the cégep system in Québec. We then undertake an econometric analysis which reveals that the effects of parental education on access to PSE are much stronger than the effects of family income, and are relatively uniform across the country. The substantially weaker family income effects (stronger for females than males) figure most importantly for the Atlantic Provinces, but much less elsewhere, including in Québec. We also find that the relationships between test scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which measures academic ‘‘performance’’ and ‘‘ability’’ and even more so high school grades, differ by province, and are generally strongest in Ontario and weakest in Québec, again perhaps in part due to the cégep system which represents a mediating influence between high school performance and university attendance, in particular. Males are much less likely to attend university across the country, but this gap is widest in Quebec. Our analysis of traditionally under-represented and minority groups points to students from rural Québec actually being at no disadvantage in terms of PSE participation, second-generation immigrants doing especially well in comparison to other provinces, but more recent first-generation immigrants not faring nearly so well in Québec. Finally, young Québecers who do not go on to PSE (especially the Francophone majority) are much more likely than other Canadian youths to say that they simply have no aspirations to attend PSE, and to otherwise say they face no barriers to attending PSE. Policy implications are discussed using a fiscal lens.
Résumé
Cette recherche utilise l’Enquête auprès des jeunes en transition pour la cohorte lecture (« EJET-A ») afin de comparer le taux de participation aux études postsecondaires (EPS) au Québec à d’autres régions du Canada. En premier lieu, nous présentons les taux d’accès par région et nous découvrons rapidement qu’il y a plusieurs différences importantes, notamment le fait que les taux de participation aux études universitaires au Québec sont faibles, tandis que les taux de participation aux études collégiales sont relativement élevés par rapport aux autres provinces. Par la suite, nous complétons une analyse économétrique qui révèle que le revenu parental à un effet important sur la participation aux EPS dans les provinces de l’Atlantique, mais semble avoir un effet beaucoup plus faible ailleurs, y compris au Québec. En revanche, nous déterminons que le niveau d’éducation des parents à un effet puissant et uniforme sur la participation aux EPS dans l’ensemble du pays. Nous constatons également que la relation entre les notes du secondaire et les résultats aux tests du programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA), qui mesure les connaissances académiques et les compétences des élèves, diffère selon la région et est généralement la plus forte en Ontario et la plus faible au Québec. Ainsi, le Québec semble avoir un système qui est relativement moins « méritocratique », par exemple, que l’Ontario puisque les connaissances et compétences (tel que mesurées par PISA) sont des déterminants moins importants de la participation aux études universitaires. Nous constatons également que certains groupes sous-représentés ne performent pas aussi bien au Québec. Toutefois, certains, tels que ceux provenant de zones rurales et les immigrants de deuxième génération, performent mieux au Québec en ce qui a trait à la participation aux études universitaires. Les jeunes Québécois sont beaucoup plus susceptibles que les autres jeunes Canadiens à dire qu’ils n’ont pas d’aspirations à des études postsecondaires, et ce particulièrement pour la majorité francophone dans de la province. En somme, ces résultats pourraient être attribués à la présence de cégeps dans la province, propre au système d’éducation québécois, ou à d’autres facteurs culturels qui n’ont pas encore été découverts. Ces deux hypothèses devront être explorées dans le cadre de recherches futures.
Appendices
Bibliography
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