Abstracts
Résumé
Indéniablement, les bailleurs de fonds exercent une responsabilité environnementale par les prêts qu’ils accordent aux activités risquées. Cependant, en 1996, les amendements apportés à la loi CERCLA ont exempté les prêteurs d’une grande part de leur responsabilité. Cet article montre que cette situation tend à devenir pérenne ce qui pose la question de la normativité de la littérature économique contemporaine consacrée à la responsabilisation des prêteurs. Pour mettre fin au hiatus entre la « pratique » qui exonère les financeurs de responsabilité et la théorie qui la prend pour acquise, il est proposé d’introduire une responsabilité pour faute pour les prêteurs qui ne contrôleraient pas le respect des règles environnementales des opérateurs. Les bailleurs de fond joueraient alors le rôle de principal en permettant de déterminer le montant d’effort de sécurité le plus élevé possible.
Abstract
It is undeniable that the donors exert some environmental liability for the loans they grant to risky activities. However, the 1996 amendments to CERCLA have exempted lenders of much of their responsibility. This article shows that this situation tends to become perennial. This raises the question of the normativity of economic literature devoted to the liability of lenders. To bridge the gap between “practice” which exempts funders of liability and economic theory that takes it for granted, we propose to introduce a negligence rule for lenders who do not exert control on the operator’s compliance with environmental rules. Then, the donors become effective “Principals” by determining the amount of effort the highest security possible by the operators (agents).
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Ahrens, M.H. et D.S. Langer (2008), « Lender Liability Under CERCLA- Environmental Risks for Lenders Under Superfund: A Refresher for the Economic Downturn », Bloomberg Corporate Law Journal, 3 : 482-493.
- Balkenborg, D. (2001), « How Liable Should the Lender Be? The Case of Judgment- Proof Firms and Environmental Risks: Comment », American Economic Review, 91 : 731-738.
- Bayle, M. (2007), « La responsabilité du bailleur de fonds pour préjudice environnemental : proposition de réforme », Recueil Dalloz, 2398.
- Beard, T. R. (1990), « Bankruptcy and Care Choice », RAND Journal of Economics, 21 : 626-634.
- Bergkamp, L. (2002), « The Proposed Environmental Liability Directive », European Environmental Law Review, 11(11) : 294-314.
- Betlem, G.(2005), « Scope and Defences of the 2004 Environmental Liability Directive: Who is Liabile for What? », ERA-Forum, 3 : 376-388.
- Boyd, J. et D. Ingberman (1997), « The Search for Deep Pockets: is “Extended Liability” Expensive Liability? », Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 13(1) : 233-258.
- Boyd, J. (2001), « Financial Responsibility for Environmental Obligations: Are Bonding and Assurance Rules Fulfilling Their Promise? » Resources for the Future, Discussion Paper 01–42, http://www.rff.org
- Boyer, M. et J.-J. Laffont (1995), « Environmental Protection, Producer Insolvency and Lender Liability », Cirano, 95s-50.
- Boyer, M. et J.-J. Laffont (1997), « Environmental Risks and Bank Liability », European Economic Review, 41 : 1427-1459.
- Boyer, M. et D. Porrini (2006), « Sharing Liability between Banks and Firms: The Case of Industrial Safety Risk », in Boyer, M., Y. Hiriart et D. Martimort (éds), Frontiers in the Economics of Environmental Regulation and Liability, chap. 13, Ashgate Pub.
- Boyer, M. et D. Porrini (2008), « The Efficient Liability Sharing Factor For Environmental Disasters: Lessons for Optimal Insurance Regulation », Geneva Papers of Risk and Insurance : Issue and Practice, 33 : 337-362.
- Boyer, M.et D. Porrini (2009), « Optimal Liability Sharing and Court Errors: An Exploratory Analysis », http://ssrn.com/abstract=1433691
- Burke, R. (1998), « Sailing in Safe Harbors: Recent Developments Regarding Lender Liability under CERCLA », Pace Environmental Law Review, 16(1) : 143-188.
- Copland, J.R. (2010), « REGULATION BY PROSECUTION: The Problems with Treating Corporations as Criminals », Civil Justice Report, 13. http://lawsuitindustry.org/html/cjr_13.htm#notes
- Dari-Mattiacci, G. (2006), « Limiting Limited Liability », Economics Bulletin, 11(1) : 1-7.
- Demougin, D. et C. Fluet (1999), « A Further Justification for the Negligence Rule », International Review of Law and Economics, 19 : 33-45.
- Dionne, G. et S. Spaeter (2003), « Environmental Risk and Extended Liability: The Case of Green Technologies » Journal of Public Economics, 87(5-6) : 1025-1060.
- Fees, E. (1999), « Lender Liability for Environmental Harm: An Argument Against Negligence Based Rules », European Journal of Law and Economics, 8 : 231-250.
- Global Legal Group (2010), The International Comparative Legal Guide to Environment Law 2010, A Practical Cross-border Insight into Environment Law, Caroline Blad, GLG ltd, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, London. http://www.iclg.co.uk/khadmin/Publications/pdf/3639.pdf
- Gobert, C. et M. Poitevin (1998), « Environmental Risks: Should Banks Be Liable? », Working Paper, CIRANO, 98s-39.
- Greenberg, M. I. et D. M. Shaw (1992), « To Lend or Not to Lend: That Should Not Be the Question: The Uncertainties of Lender Liability under CERCLA », Duke Law Journal, 41(5) : 1211-1266.
- Heyes, A.G. (1996), « Lender Penalty for Environmental Damages and the Equilibrium Costs of Capital », Economica, 63 : 311-323.
- Hiriart, Y. et D. Martimort (2006), « The Benefits of Extended Liability », Rand Journal of Economics, 37(3) : 562-582.
- Jost, P.J. (1996), « Limited Liability and the Requirement to Purchase Insurance », International Review of Law and Economics, 16 : 259–276.
- Jonas, H. (1998), Le principe responsabilité : une éthique pour la civilisation technologique, Flammarion, Paris, 1998 (Trad. de « Das Prinzip Verantwortung », Réimpression de l’édition de 1995).
- King, S.M. (1988), « Lenders Liability for Enviromental Law », Environmental Law, 18 : 241-229.
- Klimek, J. (1990), « Liability for Environmental Damages in Insolvencies: Bulora, Panamerica and Lamford », Journal of Environmental Law and Practice, 2 : 257-269.
- Labrousse, F. (2002), « Responsabilité des banques et environnement », Revue de Droit Bancaire, 5(3) : 303.
- Landes, W.M, et R. Posner (1989), The Economic Structure of Tort Law, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
- Larsson, M.L. (1999), The Law of Environmental Damage, Liability and Reparation, Kluwer Law International, Stockholm.
- Dari-Mattiacci, G. et F. Parisi (2003), « The Cost of Delegated Control: Vicarious Liability, Secondary Liability and Mandatory Insurance », International Review of Law and Economics, 23 : 453-475.
- Nietzche, F. (1974), Généalogie de la morale, trad. Angèle Kremer-Marietti, 1re éd. 1887, éditions 10-18, Paris.
- Menell, P.S. (1991), « The Limitations of Legal Institutions for Addressing Environmental Risks », The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(3) : 93-113.
- OECD (2009), « Environmental Liability for Damage To Natural Resources », inOECD Countries: The Concept And Key Approaches, Discussion paper 10-12 June 2009, Chisinau, Moldova.
- Pitchford, R. (1995), « How Liable Should the Lender be? The Case of Judgement-Proof Firms and Environmental Risks », American Economic Review, 85 : 1171-1186.
- Shavell, S. (1986), « The Judgment Proof Problem », International Review of Law and Economics, 6 : 45-58.
- Shavell, S. (1987), Economic Analysis of Accident Law, Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
- Shavell, S. (2005), « Minimum Asset Requirements and Compulsory Liability Insurance as Solution to the Judgment-proof Problem », RAND Journal of Economics, 36(1) : 63-77.
- Schmitz, P.W. (2000), « On the Joint Use of Liability and Safety Regulation », International Review of Law and Economics, 20 : 371–382.
- Segerson, K. et T. Tietenberg (1992), « The Structure of Penalties in Environmental Enforcement: An Economic Analysis », Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 23 : 179-200.
- Sigel, G. et S.M. Cane (2007), « Lender Liability Under Environmental Laws for Real Estate and Corporate Transactions », inEnvironmental Law In Illinois Corporate And Real Estate Transactions, IICLE, Chap. 4.1-4.21. http://www.jenner.com/files/tbl_s20Publications/RelatedDocumentsPDFs1252/1885/Ch4%20forfinal.pdf
- Sykes, O. (1984), « The Economics of Vicarious Liability », Yale Law Journal, 93 : 1231- 1280.
- Sykes, O. (1988), « The Boundaries of Vicarious Liability: An Economic Analysis of the Scope of Employment Rule and Related Legal Doctrines », Harvard Law Review, 101 : 563-609.
- Sykes, O. (1998), « Vicarious Liability, » in Newman, P. (éd.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, New York, MacMillan, p. 673-677.
- Spier, K. et C. Yeon-Koo (2008), « Strategic Judgment Proofing », RANDJournal of Economics, RAND Corporation, 39(4) : 926-948.
- Summers, J. (1983), « The Case of the Disappearing Defendant: An Economic Analysis », University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 132 : 145-185.
- van’t Veld K., G. Rausser et L. Simon (1997), « The Judgement Proof Opportunity », Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, nota di lavoro 83.97; Economia, Energia e Ambiente.
- van’t Veld K. (2006), « Hazardous-industry Restructuring to Avoid Liability for Accidents » International Review of Law and Economics, 26(3) : 297-322.
- Winter, G.J., J.H. Macrory et R. Kramer (2008), « Weighing up the EC Environmental Liability Directive », Journal of Environmental Law, 20 (2) : 163-192.
- Wright, R.M. (2000), « The Financing Surety’s Potential Liability For Environmental Issues » Eleventh Annual Northeast Surety And Fidelity Claims Conference, http://www.forcon.com/papers/nesfcc/2000/05.Wright.pdf