Abstracts
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of alignment of organizational strategies with two types of telework using Statistics Canada’s 2005 Workplace and Employee Survey data. In this paper, we intentionally use the most inclusive definition of telework, because we are interested in all cases where an employee works from home at least some of the time. We consider telework to be ‘employee-oriented’ when an employee works at home to address his and her family-related or personal wants or needs, and ‘employer-oriented’ when an employee works at home due to the employer’s strategic or operational objectives. The three organizational strategies that we considered were innovation, involvement, and cost-containment. We found that employers focusing on innovation were significantly more likely than other employers to use both types of telework, with greater emphasis on employee-oriented telework, whereas employers using an involvement strategy were less likely to use either type of telework, albeit at only a weak level of significance. Moreover, we did not find a statistical relationship between the cost containment strategy and either type of telework. We hypothesized that employee-oriented telework would be more common among workers in workplaces focusing on innovation or involvement, but less common among workers in workplaces focusing on cost containment. We hypothesized the reverse situation for the incidence of employer-oriented telework. On the whole, the results suggested that employers are not universally aligning the implementation of the two types of telework with their organizational strategies. Rather, either telework is not commonly used as a strategic tool or, alternatively, the strategic implementation of these two types of telework is more contingent upon other organizational or employee factors in specific circumstances.
Keywords:
- telework,
- home-based work,
- innovation,
- cost-containment,
- work-family balance
Résumé
Dans cet article nous proposons d’examiner le degré d’alignement des stratégies organisationnelles selon deux types de télétravail, et ce, à partir des données de l’Enquête sur le milieu de travail et les employés de 2005 de Statistiques Canada. Nous adoptons intentionnellement la définition la plus inclusive du télétravail qui soit parce que nous nous intéressons à toutes les situations où un employé travaille à partir de son domicile et ce, pour au moins une partie de son temps de travail. Nous considérons que le télétravail est « orienté vers l’employé » lorsqu’un employé travaille à domicile pour répondre à ses souhaits ou à ses besoins pour des raisons familiales ou personnelles, et est « orienté vers l’employeur », lorsqu’un employé travaille à domicile pour répondre à un objectif stratégique et opérationnel de son employeur. Les trois stratégies organisationnelles que nous avons retenues sont l’innovation, l’implication et le contrôle des coûts.
Nos résultats suggèrent que les employeurs qui mettent l’accent sur la stratégie de l’innovation sont significativement plus susceptibles de recourir à l’un ou l’autre des deux types de télétravail (« orienté vers l’employé » et « orienté vers l’employeur ») tout en favorisant un télétravail « orienté vers l’employé », tandis que les employeurs qui ont recours à une stratégie d’implication étaient moins susceptibles de faire appel à l’un ou l’autre type de télétravail, quoiqu’à un plus faible degré de signification. De plus, nous n’avons pas observé de relation statistique entre le recours à la stratégie de contrôle des coûts et une forme ou l’autre de télétravail.
Nous avions formulé l’hypothèse que le télétravail orienté vers l’employé serait plus répandu chez les employeurs mettant l’accent sur l’innovation ou sur l’implication et moins répandu chez ceux mettant l’accent sur le contrôle des coûts. Et nous avions fait l’hypothèse inverse en ce qui attrait au télétravail orienté vers l’employeur. Globalement, nos résultats laissent à penser que les employeurs n’alignent pas systématiquement la mise en oeuvre des deux types de télétravail avec leurs stratégies organisationnelles. Plutôt, soit le télétravail n’est pas généralement utilisé comme un outil stratégique, soit la mise en oeuvre de ces deux types de télétravail dépend davantage de facteurs organisationnels ou liés aux personnes employées selon des circonstances spécifiques.
Mots-clés :
- télétravail,
- travail à domicile,
- innovation,
- réduction des coûts,
- conciliation travail-famille
Resumen
En este artículo, se propone examinar el grado de alineamiento de estrategias organizacionales según dos tipos de teletrabajo, utilizando para esto los datos de la Encuesta sobre los lugares de trabajo y los empleados de 2005 efectuada por Estadísticas Canadá. Se adopta intencionalmente la definición más amplia del teletrabajo, pues el estudio aborda todas las situaciones en que un empleado trabaja a partir de su domicilio, al menos por una parte de su tiempo de trabajo. Consideramos que el teletrabajo está “orientado hacia el empleado” cuando un empleado trabaja a domicilio para responder a sus deseos o a sus necesidades por razones familiares o personales. Al contrario, el teletrabajo será “orientado hacia el empleador” cuando un empleado trabaja a domicilio para responder a un objetivo estratégico y operacional de su empleador. Las tres estrategias operacionales que hemos retenido son la innovación, la implicación y el control de costos.
Nuestros resultados sugieren que los empleadores que ponen el acento en la estrategia de innovación son significativamente más susceptibles de recurrir a uno de los dos tipos de teletrabajo (“orientado hacia el empleado” y “orientado hacia el empleador”), favoreciendo al mismo tiempo teletrabajo “orientado hacia el empleado”, mientras que los empleadores que recurren a una estrategia de implicación son menos susceptibles de utilizar uno u otro tipo de teletrabajo, aunque a un menor grado de significación. Es más, no hemos observado ninguna relación estadística entre el recurso a la estrategia de control de costos y una forma u otra de teletrabajo.
Hemos formulado la hipótesis que el teletrabajo orientado hacia el empleado sería más extendido por los empleadores que ponen el acento en la innovación o en la implicación, y sería menos presente cuando el empleador pone el acento en el control de costos. Y formulamos la hipótesis inversa en lo que concierne el teletrabajo orientado hacia el empleador. Globalmente nuestros resultados sugieren que los empleadores no alinean sistemáticamente la implantación de dos formas de teletrabajo con sus respectivas estrategias organizacionales. Dos situaciones alternativas son observadas, sea el teletrabajo no es utilizado como instrumento estratégico o, en alternativa, la implantación de estos dos tipos de teletrabajo dependen más bien de factores organizacionales o son vinculados a las personas empleadas según circunstancias específicas.
Palabras clave:
- teletrabajo,
- trabajo a domicilio,
- régimen de trabajo flexible,
- innovación,
- conciliación trabajo-familia
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Appendices
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (#410-2006-1380) held by Dr. Isik Zeytinoglu, a research colleague of ours. Access to data was received through a Statistics Canada Research Data Centre, although the opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of Statistics Canada. The authors would also like to acknowledge the constructive suggestions provided by three anonymous reviewers who provided comments on an earlier version of this paper, as well as the helpful insights provided by Isik Zeytinoglu.
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