Documents found
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3251.More information
AbstractThrough the mechanism of pharmaceutical leakage from the medical sphere to drug markets, the ambivalent nature of molecules contributes to the multiple uses of medicines. This article examines diverted uses of Subutex® (high dose buprenorphine – HBD) – currently the most frequently used substitution treatment for opiate dependency in France – by injection drug users (IDUs) in Marseille. Following findings about the necessity of taking into account individual and contextual factors to understand drug trafficking and risky drug consumption, this study began with the working hypotheses that (1) diverted uses of HDB are integrated into pre-existing drug worlds; (2) geographic characteristics are implicated in the reconfiguration of these uses. Data collected through questionnaires on 62 UDI clients of automats for syringe exchange-recuperation in Marseille, a group little known to drug treatment programs, were explored in a series of multiple components analyses, resulting in two paradoxical effects. Diverted HDB appears to be integrated in a configuration of intensive drug use with risky practices characteristic of the very opiate (heroin) it is meant to replace. In a poor, de-industrialized area of Marseille, such uses are associated with the stabilisation of some IDUs, not through social reintegration in accordance with French health drug policy, but through marginal integration, by holding in abeyance a population of older users. Pharmaceutical leakage thus furnishes a heuristic tool for looking beyond the medical gaze and should be useful for better understanding medicines in general.
Keywords: fuitage pharmaceutique, traitement de substitution aux opiacés (TSO), buprénorphine haut dosage, usagers de drogue par voie intraveineuse (UDI), mondes de la drogue, contexte, pharmaceutical leakage, opiate dependance treatment, high dose buprenorphine, injection drug users (UDI), drug worlds, context, fuga farmacéutica, tratamiento de sustitución de opiáceos, buprenorfina a dosis altas (BDA), usuarios de droga por vía intravenosa (UDI), mundos de la droga, contexto
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3254.More information
Over the last decade, there has been a revolution in cross-border tax information exchange and reporting. While this dramatic shift was the product of multiple forces and events, a fundamental reality is that politics, technology, and law intersected to drive the shift to the point where nation-states will now transmit and receive from each other significant ongoing flows of taxpayer information. States can now expect to accumulate large stashes of data on cross-border income, assets, and activities on a scale and level of comprehensiveness unmatched by previous information exchange regimes.This article examines the pressing follow-up question of how this data will be used and what issues nation-states will confront when data comes home. Although concerns about data protection and use have been raised in critiquing the new cross-border information exchange regimes, a systematic examination of how governments might use or fail to use data and when those uses will pose unacceptable risks has yet to be undertaken. This article analyzes how domestic politics, priorities, and institutions are likely to affect tax enforcement and data usage at the nation-state level going forward. We argue that despite the dominant focus on global developments, domestic politics and technological constraints will likely play an equally if not more significant role in data use and protection as countries receive data and decide what to do with it. The mere fact that collective political will on a global level produced the information revolution does not prevent domestic forces from either derailing the revolution in practice or redirecting data to other uses. This article maps the potential risks and examines the extent to which individual nation-states will have the capacity or inclination to conduct enforcement, protect taxpayer privacy, and attend to distributional outcomes and risks. We ultimately articulate a framework for understanding the country-level factors likely to affect outcomes and pathways when data comes home.
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3255.More information
AbstractThe gender difference in antisocial behaviour has been an accepted fact in criminology since the birth of the discipline. Although the past thirty years have seen more theorizing and research on antisocial behaviour among females than at any previous time, criminologists have yet to fully explore the diversity of types that make up the female offender population. Our examination of the causes and consequences of female offending begins with three basic assumptions: 1) a heterogeneity of types characterizes the offending population 2) distinct offender types are the product of both shared and unique causal processes and 3) the longterm consequences of offending vary among offender types. Self-report data were gathered from a sample of female respondents interviewed in 1982 when they were adolescents, and subsequently in 1992 when they were young adults. Our analyses identify both common and unique etiologies among several distinct types of offenders, as well as differential life course outcomes along a variety of behavioural, personal and interpersonal dimensions. Our findings are noteworthy in suggesting that adolescent drug use has particularly deleterious effects for females as they transition to young adulthood.
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3256.More information
Both female monasticism and Jewish conversion acquired an accentuated significance in Catholic Europe during the age of reformations. Their convergence was ritually expressed in the celebration of the monastic vestition of converts from Judaism. This article centres on the experiences of baptized Jewish girls who entered monastic communities, based on an analysis of cases from central and northern Italy. It argues that Church authorities valued the radical break of formerly Jewish girls with the religious traditions of their ancestors. Yet at the same time, the highly esteemed attraction to female monasticism on the part of baptized Jews could also arouse considerable anxiety, which led to distancing attempts. These, the article suggests, were manifested by restricting converts’ monastic professions to designated institutions; by giving the cold shoulder to baptized Jews who took the veil and socially isolating them within their communities; or by not assisting sickly neophytes to fulfill their religious vocations.
Keywords: Conversion, Jewish–Christian Relations, Early Modern Catholicism, Female Monasticism, Servant Nuns, Choir Nuns, Enslaved Women, Intersectionality, Disability
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3257.More information
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child confers on children a number of rights, not the least of which is the guarantee that their best interests shall be a primary consideration in all actions that concern them. This article applies the Best Interests of the Child [BIC] principle—a widespread concept in family law—to the context of criminal policy. It calls for a rebalancing of Canadian youth justice so as to prioritize children’s best interests. As marginalized societal actors, children are at risk of seeing their interests increasingly overlooked if they are not brought to the fore. Once a defining feature of Canada’s response to juvenile delinquency, the BIC principle has waned in the face of sweeping penal populism. Examples from Scotland, Scandinavia and Washington reveal means by which child-friendly justice systems can withstand the influence of punitive public sentiment. Mirroring such approaches in Canada would require repurposing the deeply engrained concept of proportionality and viewing children’s interests as inherent to advancing public safety.
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3260.More information
This article overviews outcomes in different types of refugee claims in Canada. It critiques standard legal research methodologies in the refugee law field due to skews in publication practices. To address these skews, the article employs empirical quantitative research methods using administrative tribunal data and computational methods. It provides a snapshot of refugee claim numbers, countries of origin, claim categories, and outcomes. The article then underscores the benefits of supplementing doctrinal legal research with empirical quantitative research methods, outlines barriers to the adoption of such methods, and offers guidance and tools to assist other researchers in overcoming those barriers.
Keywords: Canada, refugee law, empirical, quantitative, political opinion, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity