Documents found
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102.More information
Learning object (LO) and Educational Modelling Language (EML) refer to two of major trends in the field of elearning engineering. The former consists, on the one hand, in reusing as well as possible existing resources when we are creating a new elearning situation and, on the other hand, in indexing new resources to facilitate their dissemination and reuse. The latter consists in using an EML to describe elearning situations and then create a framework of LO's aggregation. Such a language allows producing instructional scenarios. Although numerous works are about LO and EML, few of them concerned the validation of instructional scenarios. In this paper, we introduce these works and present a new technique of scenario validation driven by the competencies which are associated with the scenario and its components (notably LO). We believe our solution is useful to aim to production of high quality online learning. Semantic Web technologies and ontological engineering are used to develop an assistant tool to scenario production (LEO).
Keywords: Objets d'apprentissage, langage de modélisation pédagogique, scénarisation pédagogique, compétence, web sémantique, Learning object, Modelling language, Instructional scenarios, Competence, Semantic Web
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103.More information
Item response theory (IRT) is a class of measurement models extensively used in education. Curently, many softwares are available (e.g. BILOG-MG) for the estimation of item and examinee parameters. Among these softwares, one must mention ICL and R, which are free and allow to produce to a large variety of analyses. The main objective of this study is to use the Rasch model to compare the quality of estimation of the difficulty and subject parameters. Here, we will compare item parameters through three software packages: BILOG-MG, ICL and the R package ltm. The demonstration will be twofold: we will make a simulation study and an analysis of an English proficiency test, as second language. Our results show that these softwares obtained similar parameters estimates, their main difference pertaining to their respective computation times.
Keywords: modèle de Rasch, paramètre de difficulté d'item, paramètre de sujet, BILOG-MG, R, ICL, Rasch model, item difficulty parameter, subject parameter, BILOG-MG, R, ICL, modelo Rasch, parâmetro de dificuldade de item, parâmetro de sujeito, BILOG-MG, R, ICL
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105.More information
In 1978, the National Film Board adopted the PRECIS system (PREserved Context Indexing System) as a subject retrieval method for a national system of information on Canadian audiovisual productions, now known as FORMAT. The authors relate here the experience of FORMAT with PRECIS.
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106.More information
Inscribed in 2009 on UNESCO's “Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity,” the Argentinian and Uruguayan Tango is a practice transmitted through improvisation within the social framework of the milonga (the place where the tango is danced). Given the proliferation of audiovisual traces—from demonstration videos to motion capture systems, websites and learning applications—it is worth understanding the relationship between improvisation as a foundational practice of tango, and its various media representations, as well as the status of these forms in relation to the practice. What aspects of movement and dance do they reveal? Do they constitute a medialre-enactment imposed, in turn, on the dancing bodies of the subjects?
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107.More information
Although many good methods exist for computing calcium-carbonate equilibria, we considered that it was still possible to improve the representation to the problem and for this reason we have developed a new method of calculation. In this paper we have restricted ourselves to the graphical aspect of the question, referring the reader to the original bibliography at the end of the paper and as well we have not taken into account the kinetic aspects of the reactions involving the dissolution or precipitation of CaCO3.From this perspective, an original graph has been designed choosing for co-ordinates the pH (abscissa) and [CO3 total] (ordinate). The construction of such a graph requires only two fundamental laws, i.e.1) The solubility product relationship of calcium carbonate. This relationship, with the introduction of an auxiliary variable:∆=[Ca2+] - [CO3 total]can be transformed itself into an équivalent relationship, more convenient for the computation of the various curves composing the graph.2) A second relationship, taking into account the H+-ions in their free or bound state (with the C03 group or the H20 solvent). For this purpose, one introduces a total concentration, called potential total acidity (in abbreviated form PTA), the définition of which is:PTA=2[H2CO3]+[HCO-3]+[H2O]+[H+]In addition, one uses also another variable derived from PTA to which we gave the name : carbonated potential acidity with the following definition:δ=2[H2CO3]+[HCO-3]Both variables PTA and ∆ have jointly the interesting property of remaining constant during the evolution of the water towards equilibrium according to the equation: CaCO3+H+⇌Ca2++HCO-3The variable may also be considered as practically constant in the field of natural waters. We have taken advantage of this property to build up two networks of curves that make up the overall graph, i.e., a) the curves satisfying the condition : PTA=constant (these curves are named " iso-acidity curves "), and b) the curves whose characteristics are : =constant, and which are named " iso-equilibrium curves ".The paper describes how to use the graph and brings out its ease of use for both the qualitative and quantitative prediction of the behaviour of water in contact with calcium carbonate. In particular, the graph illustrates such essential water characteristics as equilibrium pH, stabilisation pH and stabilisation index, characteristics whose meanings are defined in the paper. The graph is shown to be a useful tool for the characterisation of waters as well as for the evaluation of most chemical treatments. The case of the mixture of different waters is also treated. Numerous examples for using the graph under different circumstances are developed in the paper, which should be useful for those whose job is connected with industrial water treatment. The graphical method here described, in conjunction with an associated computer programme, also constitutes an excellent introduction to the more complete computing methods developed elsewhere but which could not be treated in the limited frame of this publication.The graph turns out to be a useful tool for the characterisation of waters as well as for the evaluation of different chemical treatments, such as softening, carbonation, decarbonation, acidification, alkalinisation, aeration, etc. The case of the mixture of different waters is also treated. Numerous examples for using the graph under different circumstances are developed. The paper shows how it is possible, on the basis of the diagram, to predict the evolution of the water when different reagents are added, when the temperature changes or when one mixes different waters. The diagram should be a useful aid for those people whose job is connected with industrial water treatment.A computing program is necessary to draw the curves, to obtain the water characteristics with a better accuracy than can be read from the graphs. This programme, named Carbeq+, is commercially available (see below for the bibliographical reference). The values necessary for the computation and the drawing of the curves are :1. temperature of analysis and temperature of computation2. pH, alkalinity, calcium concentration3. the ionic strength, which can be calculated either from the knowledge of the complete analysis of the water, or if that one is not available, by using an empirical relation based on either the conductivity or the salt content. The program computes then the equilibrium pH, the stabilisation pH and the stabilisation index and draws the graphs described in the paper. The graphical method here described, in conjunction with the associated computer programme, constitutes also an excellent introduction to the more complete computing methods developed elsewhere but which could not be treated in the limited frame of this publication. Note that the case of the influence of the gaseous carbon dioxide phase on the equilibrium is not treated in this paper, but it is taken into account in the Carbeq+ programme mentioned above.
Keywords: Eau, carbonate de calcium, équilibres, méthode graphique, traitements, logiciel, Water, calcium carbonate, equilibria, graphical method, treatments, software
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109.More information
What is the state of automatic indexing of monographs? The first attempts at automatic indexing in the early 1960s did not always produce, according to professional indexers, satisfactory systems.However, it is worth one's while to re-examine the opportunities offered by automatic indexing given the growing number of numeric documents for which it could be possible to provide an index similar to the more familiar the back-of-the-book indexes. Several important innovations in the field of the automatic processing of language have been developed over the last fifteen years and new applications could be used for automatic indexing of monographs. This article outlines the issues and identifies solutions to improve the current systems of automatic indexing of monographs.
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110.More information
Computer technology as practice and as belief.For millions of employees, to master the computer represents an immense learning task. Using statistical studies and comprehensive interviews, the author attempts to describe the conditions and outcomes of this effort. Because of hardware and software upgrades, users are continually obliged to upgrade their own knowledge and skills, and to experiment with the material. Learning to use computers depends on a person's proximity to the legitimate culture and on their professional status. Learning ability becomes central to one's professional activity. Anxiety on the part of employees who are relatively well paid but lack job security, discomfort owing to an educational level that falls below the inherited cultural capital, or professional success that falls short of the educational capital have for some favored personal investment in the use of computers. Learning to use computers illustrates the importance of cultural capital, as a sum of skills and abilities, to the successful functioning of a business. But for the employees who hold this capital, disillusions have outweighed the tangible advantages because economic capital outweighs cultural capital. To derive personal benefit from computerization demands not only cognitive skills but cultural aptitudes and a sense of social strategies.